Clintonia

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Liliales

Familia: Liliaceae
Subfamilia: Medeoloideae
Genus: Clintonia
Species: (5)
C. andrewsiana – C. borealis – C. udensis – C. umbellulata – C. uniflora
Name

Clintonia Raf., Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2: 266. (1818)

Type species: Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf., Atlantic Journal 1(3): 120. (1832)

Synonymy

Heterotypic
Hylocharis Regel & Tiling, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 11: 123. (1859)
Xeniatrum Salisb., Gen. Pl.: 58. (1866)

Homonym

Clintonia Douglas ex Lindl., Edwards's Bot. Reg. 15: t. 1241 (1829), nom. illeg.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Asia-Temperate
Russian Far East
Amur, Khabarovsk, Kuril Islands, Primorye, Sakhalin,
China
China South-Central, Manchuria, China North-Central, China Southeast, Tibet,
Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea,
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Assam, East Himalaya, Nepal, West Himalaya,
Indo-China
Myanmar,
Northern America
Subarctic America
Alaska,
Western Canada
Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba,
Eastern Canada
Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isle, Québec,
Northwestern U.S.A.
Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington,
North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Islands, Vermont, West Virginia,
Southwestern U.S.A.
California,
Southeastern U.S.A.
Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References

Farr, E. R. & Zijlstra, G. eds. (1996-) Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). 2010 Febr 15 [1].
Govaerts, R. & al. 2006. World Checklist of selected plant families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens. 2010 Febr 15 [2]

Vernacular names

English: Bluebead
日本語: ツバメオモト属
中文: 七筋菇属

Clintonia is a genus of flowering plants in the lily family Liliaceae. Plants of the genus are distributed across the temperate regions of North America and eastern Asia,[1][2] in the mesic understory of deciduous or coniferous forests.[3] The genus, first described by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1818,[4] was named for DeWitt Clinton (1769–1828), a naturalist and politician from the U.S. state of New York.[5][6] For this reason, plants of the genus are commonly known as Clinton's lily. The common name bluebead (and by extension bluebead lily) refer to the distinctive fruit of members of the genus.[7] Since fruit color varies somewhat across species, the common name bead lily is used as well.[8]

Description

The genus Clintonia is morphologically diverse.[3] Species are herbaceous perennial plants growing from rhizomatous underground stems with thin, fibrous roots. They grow from 1.5 to 8 dm tall. They have 2 to 6 basal leaves arising from the rhizome crown, the basal leaves are sessile and sheathing, and the cauline leaves have a stalk. The blade of each leaf has a prominent central vein and entire margins, and the bottom ends are obovate to oblanceolate in shape. The leaf apex is acute to abruptly short-acuminate, often mucronate (ending abruptly in a short sharp point). The inflorescences are terminal, and the flowers are arranged into short racemes or umbel-like clusters, with 1 to 45 flowers. The flowers have 6 tepals with nectaries present. The stamens are inserted at the base of the perianth, and the anthers are oblong-obovate to oblong-linear shaped. The rounded to cylinder shaped ovary is superior with two chambers (sometime three). Each chamber produces 2 to 10 ovules. The smooth fruits are berry-like, round to egg-shaped, metallic blue to black in color. Four to thirty seeds are produced in each fruit and the seeds are shiny brown, round and the ends are angled with 2 or 3 faces.[9][10][3]

Identification Key[9][10]
1	Inflorescence single-flowered	(5)
+	Inflorescence 3–45-flowered	(2)
2 (1)	Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in one or more short, terminal racemes	(3)
+	Inflorescence 10–45-flowered, in one or more umbel-like clusters	(4)
3 (2)	Inflorescence 3–8(–10)-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals yellow to yellowish green, 12–16 mm long; filaments 12–17.5 mm long; anthers 2–3.5 mm long; berries ultramarine blue, 8–16-seeded; eastern North America	Clintonia borealis
+	Inflorescence 3–12-flowered, in short, terminal racemes; tepals white, sometimes bluish, 7–12 mm long; stamens 4–6(–8) mm long; berries blackish blue, many-seeded; eastern Asia	Clintonia udensis
4 (2)	Inflorescence 20–45-flowered, in a terminal umbel-like cluster, usually with one or more lateral clusters; tepals claret red, 10–18 mm long; filaments 7–10 mm long; anthers 1.8–2.8 mm long; berries blue to bluish black, 10–30-seeded; California, Oregon	Clintonia andrewsiana
+	Inflorescence 10–25(–30)-flowered, in terminal umbel-like cluster (no lateral clusters); tepals white, often spotted purplish brown or green distally, 5.5–8 mm long; filaments 5.5–7 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries black, 2–4-seeded; eastern United States	Clintonia umbellulata
5 (1)	Inflorescence single-flowered (occasionally 2–flowered); tepals creamy white, 18–25 mm long; filaments 11–18 mm long; anthers 3.5–5.5 mm long; berries deep lustrous blue, 10–18-seeded; western North America

Clintonia species

Clintonia andrewsiana is found along the West Coast of the United States in California and Oregon

Clintonia andrewsiana
Clintonia borealis is a wide-ranging species in eastern North America

Clintonia borealis
Clintonia udensis is the only species of Clintonia native to Asia

Clintonia udensis
Clintonia umbellulata is endemic to the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States

Clintonia umbellulata
Clintonia uniflora is native to western North America

Clintonia uniflora

Taxonomy

As of August 2020, Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts the following species in the genus Clintonia Raf.:[1]

Clintonia andrewsiana Torr.
Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf.
Clintonia udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey.
Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong
Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth

POWO also accepts the infraspecies Clintonia udensis var. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) H.Hara but some authorities do not accept this name.[11]

Molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrate two major disjunct clades, in eastern Asia and in North America respectively, and with the latter in East and in West. Within the family Liliaceae, Clintonia is a sister group to Medeola.[3]
Distribution

There are five species of Clintonia, four in North America and one in Asia.
North America

Two species of Clintonia occur in western North America:

C. andrewsiana is localized along the West Coast of the United States, from central California to southwestern Oregon.[12]
C. uniflora ranges from central California to southern Alaska, extending east into Alberta and Montana.[13]

The remaining two species are found in eastern North America:

C. borealis is wide-ranging, from Newfoundland and Labrador to Manitoba, extending south across New England and the Great Lakes region into the Appalachian Mountains.[14]
C. umbellulata is endemic to the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States.[15]

Canada

Alberta: C. uniflora
British Columbia: C. uniflora
Manitoba: C. borealis
New Brunswick: C. borealis
Newfoundland and Labrador: C. borealis
Nova Scotia: C. borealis
Ontario: C. borealis
Prince Edward Island: C. borealis
Quebec: C. borealis
Saskatchewan: none

The species C. borealis is also known to occur on the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon,[16] a French territory near the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
United States

Alabama: none
Alaska: C. uniflora
Arizona: none
Arkansas: none
California: C. andrewsiana, C. uniflora
Colorado: none
Connecticut: C. borealis
Delaware: none
District of Columbia: none
Florida: none
Georgia: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Hawaii: none
Idaho: C. uniflora
Illinois: C. borealis
Indiana: C. borealis
Iowa: none
Kansas: none
Kentucky: C. umbellulata
Louisiana: none
Maine: C. borealis
Maryland: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Massachusetts: C. borealis
Michigan: C. borealis
Minnesota: C. borealis
Mississippi: none
Missouri: none
Montana: C. uniflora
Nebraska: none
Nevada: none
New Hampshire: C. borealis
New Jersey: C. borealis
New Mexico: none
New York: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
North Carolina: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
North Dakota: none
Ohio: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Oklahoma: none
Oregon: C. andrewsiana, C. uniflora
Pennsylvania: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Rhode Island: C. borealis
South Carolina: C. umbellulata
South Dakota: none
Tennessee: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Texas: none
Utah: none
Vermont: C. borealis
Virginia: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Washington: C. uniflora
West Virginia: C. borealis, C. umbellulata
Wisconsin: C. borealis
Wyoming: none

Asia

The species C. udensis is found in eastern Asia, from the Russian Far East to southeast Asia, extending from the Kuril Islands in the Pacific Ocean to the Western Himalaya region.[17]
Ecology

Spring blooming.[3]
Cultivation

Clintonia species are cultivated as garden subjects in shade gardens, grown for the glossy foliage, small lily-like flowers, and blue fruits, and their ability to live in heavy shade. They grow best in cool, organic-rich, acid soils that retain moisture and when grown well form dense slowly spreading clumps.[18]
See also

Bead lily
Bluebead (disambiguation)
List of plants known as lily

References

"Clintonia Raf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
"Clintonia". County-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
Hayashi et al 2001.
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1818). "Flora Americae Septentrionalis, or a systematic arrangement and description of the plants of North America by Frederick Pursh". Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. 2 (3): 170–176.
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1832). "Clintonia borealis". Atlantic Journal, and Friend of Knowledge. 1 (3): 120. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
Quattrocchi, Umberto (3 May 2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. CRC Press. p. 1023. ISBN 978-1-4200-8044-5.
"Clintonia". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
Meyer, Rachelle S. (2005). "Clintonia uniflora". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
Utech, Frederick H. (2002). "Clintonia". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 26. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
Chen, Xinqi; Tamura, Minoru N. "Clintonia". Flora of China. 24 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
"Clintonia udensis var. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) H.Hara". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
"Clintonia andrewsiana Torr". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
"Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex Schult. & Schult.f.) Kunth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
"Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
"Clintonia umbellulata (Michx.) Morong". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
Utech, Frederick H. (2002). "Clintonia borealis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). 26. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
"Clintonia udensis Trautv. & C.A.Mey". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

William Cullina (2000). The New England Wild Flower Society Guide to Growing and Propagating Wildflowers of the United States and Canada. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 78–. ISBN 0-395-96609-4.

Bibliography

Hayashi, Kazuhiko; Yoshida, Seiji; Utech, Frederick H.; Kawano, Shoichi (August 2001). "Molecular systematics in the genus Clintonia and related taxa based on rbcL and matK gene sequence data". Plant Species Biology. 16 (2): 119–137. doi:10.1046/j.1442-1984.2001.00057.x.