Carex kobomugi

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Poales

Familia: Cyperaceae
Subfamilia: Cyperoideae
Tribus: Cariceae
Genus: Carex
Species: Carex kobomugi
Name

Carex kobomugi Ohwi, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 5(3): 281 (1930).
Synonyms

Homotypic
Carex macrocephala var. kobomugi (Ohwi) Miyabe & Kudô, J. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Imp. Univ. 26(2): 221 (1931).
Carex macrocephala f. kobomugi (Ohwi) Makino, Ill. Fl. Nippon: 738 (1940).
Vignea kobomugi (Ohwi) Soják, Cas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Prír. 148: 195 (1979 publ. 1980).
Heterotypic
Carex macrocephala var. longibracteata Oliv., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9: 170 (1865).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: China
China North-Central, China Southeast, Manchuria, Qinghai.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Primorye, Sakhalin, Taiwan

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Ohwi, J. 1930. Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto Imperial University. Series B. Biology. Kyoto 5(3): 281.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Carex kobomugi in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Jan 21. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2020. Carex kobomugi. Published online. Accessed: Jan 21 2020.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Carex kobomugi in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Jan 21. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2020. Carex kobomugi. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 21 Jan 2020.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Carex kobomugi in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.

Vernacular names
English: Japanese sedge, Asiatic sand sedge
日本語: コウボウムギ (弘法麦)
中文: 筛草, 海米, 砂砧苔草

Carex kobomugi is a species of sedge, known as the Japanese sedge or Asiatic sand sedge, that lives in sandy coastal areas of eastern Asia, and has become an invasive species in the north-eastern United States.

Description

Carex kobomugi is a low-growing sedge that extends along the ground with thick rhizomes.[1] It produces flowering stems up to 30 centimetres (12 in) tall and 3–4 millimetres (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter, with male and female flowers generally produced on different plants (dioecious).[2] The leaves are 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) wide, and longer than the stems, and the lowest bracts are similar to the leaves.[2] Male inflorescences are 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in) long and around 12 mm (0.47 in) wide, whereas the female inflorescences are slightly larger, 40–60 mm (1.6–2.4 in) long and around 30 mm (1.2 in) wide.[2]
Distribution and ecology

Carex kobomugi inhabits sand dunes and other sandy sites along the coast. Its natural distribution extends along the coast of mainland Asia from China's Heilongjiang province, around the Korean Peninsula, and around the Yellow Sea as far south as Zhejiang province.[2] It also occurs around the four main Japanese islands,[3] and Taiwan,[2] which is the southernmost distribution of the sedge.[4]
As an invasive species

Carex kobomugi was introduced to north-eastern North America in the 20th century. It was first recorded on the west coast near Portland, Oregon in 1907, but has not been refound there recently.[5] It was found in 1929 at Island Beach State Park, New Jersey, where it may have arrived after ships from Japan were wrecked off the American coast. An early hypothesis suggested that the sedge had been used as a packing material for the ship's cargo, but it is now considered more likely that plant material was carried in ship's ballast.[6]

After its usefulness for stabilising sand dunes was noticed, C. kobomugi was promoted as a useful plant and widely planted on the eastern seaboard until the 1980s.[6] Having become securely established, Carex kobomugi has since developed into an invasive species, spreading locally via rhizomes, and dispersing further afield through rafting or, more rarely, by dispersal of its buoyant seeds.[6] Its distribution in the United States now extends from Rhode Island to North Carolina.[5] Large-scale disturbance events can both open up habitats for C. kobomugi to colonise, and transport plant material in; after Hurricane Sandy in 2012, C. kobomugi colonised New York from the coastline of New Jersey.[6]

The biodiversity of native plants is markedly reduced in areas dominated by Carex kobomugi, which has knock-on effects on animals, such as the hairy-necked tiger beetle, Cicindela hirticollis, and the piping plover, Charadrius melodus.[6] The state governments of Massachusetts and Connecticut have banned the sale and distribution of Carex kobomugi.[6]
Taxonomy

Carex kobomugi was first described by the Japanese botanist Jisaburo Ohwi in 1930; the specific epithet comes from the Japanese name for the plant, kôbômugi (コウボウムギ).[7] Carex kobomugi is closely related to Carex macrocephala, which grows around the northern Pacific Ocean from northern China to Oregon,[8] and was previously treated as a variety of that species;[5] the two are united in Carex sect. Macrocephalae.[3] Vernacular names in English for Carex kobomugi include "Japanese sedge" and "Asiatic sand sedge".[9]
References

A. J. Oakes (2012). Ornamental Grasses and Grasslike Plants. Springer. pp. 492–493. ISBN 9781468414554.
Lun-Kai Dai, Song-Yun Liang, Shuren Zhang, Yancheng Tang, Tetsuo Koyama & Gordon C. Tucker (2010). "Carex kobomugi Ohwi, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 5: 281. 1930". In Flora of China Editorial Committee (ed.). Acoraceae–Cyperaceae. Flora of China. Vol. 23. St. Louis, MO: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. pp. 455–456. ISBN 9781935641902.
"Carex kobomugi Ohwi". Cyperaceae. eMonocot. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
侯, 俐安 (2020-05-23). "絕跡96年「海米」現身福隆 卻遇怪手挖土浩劫 (Carex obomugi found in Fulong after disappearing for 96 years)". United Daily News. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
Peter W. Ball & A. A. Reznicek (2003). "Carex kobomugi Ohwi, Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., Ser. B, Biol. 5(3): 2 1930". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. Flora of North America. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0195152074.
"Carex kobomugi (Asiatic sand sedge)". Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Jisaburo Ohwi (1930). "Contributiones ad caricologiam Asiae Orientalis, pars prima". Memoirs of the College of Science, Kyoto University. B. 5 (3): 281.
Peter W. Ball & A. A. Reznicek (2003). "Carex macrocephala Willdenow ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 3: 808. 1826". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. Flora of North America. Vol. 23. Oxford University Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0195152074.
"Carex kobomugi". Invasive Plant Atlas of New England. Retrieved 1 February 2016.