Agapanthus africanus

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Amaryllidaceae
Subfamilia: Agapanthoideae
Genus: Agapanthus
Sectio: A. sect. Agapanthus
Species: Agapanthus africanus
Name

Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult.: 35. 1824.
Synonymy

Basionym
Crinum africanum L., Sp. Pl.: 292. 1753.
Homotypic
Abumon africanum (L.) Britton, Fl. Bermuda: 72. 1918.
Crinum floridum Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 228. 1796, nom. inval.
Mauhlia africana (L.) Dahl, Observ. Bot.: 26. 1787.
Tulbaghia africana (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 718. 1891.
Heterotypic
Agapanthus minor Lodd., Bot. Cab. 1: t. 42. 1817.
Agapanthus tuberosus L. ex DC. in P.J.Redouté, Liliac. 1: 6. 1803, nom. inval.
Agapanthus umbellatus L'Hér., Sert. Angl.: 18. (1789)
Mauhlia linearis Thunb., Nov. Gen. Pl.: 111. 1792.
Mauhlia umbellata (L'Hér.) Thunb. ex Schult. & Schult.f. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg. 7: 997. 1830
Tulbaghia africana var. heisteri (Fabr.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(3): 317. 1898.
Tulbaghia heisteri Fabr., Enum.: 4. (1759)
Tulbaghia minor (Lodd.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 718. 1891.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:
References
Primary references

Govaerts, R. et al. 2012. Agapanthus africanus in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2012 Aug. 14. Reference page.
Hoffmannsegg, J.C.v. 1824. Verzeichniss der Pflanzenkulturen in den Grafl. Hoffmannseggischen Garten zu Dresden und Rammenau... 35.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Agapanthus africanus. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Jul. 20. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Agapanthus africanus. Published online. Accessed: Jul. 20 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Agapanthus africanus in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Jul. 20.
Tropicos.org 2012. Agapanthus africanus. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 14 Aug 2012.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agapanthus africanus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names

English: Lily of the Nile
suomi: Afrikansinisarja
中文: 百子蓮

Agapanthus africanus, or the African lily, is a flowering plant from the genus Agapanthus found only on rocky sandstone slopes of the winter rainfall fynbos from the Cape Peninsula to Swellendam.[2] It is also known as the lily-of-the-Nile in spite of only occurring in South Africa.

Description

The plant is a rhizomatous evergreen geophyte from 25 to 70 cm (9.8 to 27.6 in) in height. The leathery leaves are suberect and long and strap shaped.[2] Flowers are broadly funnel-shaped, pale to deep blue, and thick-textured with a dark blue stripe running down the center of each petal. Paler flowers are more common in Agapanthus africanus walshii while Agapanthus africanus africanus flowers tend to be darker.[2][3] The flowers grow in large clusters, with each flower being 25–40 mm (0.98–1.57 in) long. This species flowers from November to April, particularly after fire.[2] Peak flowering occurs from December to February.[3]
Ecology

Pollination is by wind, bees and sunbirds and seed dispersal by the wind. Chacma baboons and buck sometimes eat the flower heads just as the first flowers begin to open. These plants are adapted to survive fire in the fynbos and resprout from thick, fleshy roots after one has passed through the area.[3]
Cultivation and use

Unlike the more common Agapanthus praecox, this species is less suitable as a garden plant as it is far more difficult to grow. A. africanus subsp. africanus may be grown in rockeries in a well drained, slightly acid sandy mix. They seem to be best when grown in shallow pots and will flower regularly if fed with a slow release fertiliser.[3] A. africanus subsp. walshii is by far the most difficult agapanthus to grow. It can only be grown as a container plant and will not survive if planted out. They require a very well-drained, sandy, acid mix with minimal watering in summer.[3] Both subspecies require hot, dry summers, and winter rainfall climate. It will not tolerate extended freezing temperatures.[4]

The name A. africanus has long been misapplied to A. praecox in horticultural use and publications across the world, and horticultural plants sold as A. africanus are actually hybrids or cultivars of A. praecox.[3]

Extracts removed from Agapanthus africanus plants have been shown to have antifungal properties. Application of these extracts to the seeds of other plant species, including economically important species, has shown that it significantly reduces the severity of the impacts of certain pathogens. In the case of sorghum, this application was even found to perform better than Thiram, the prescribed fungicide when exposed to Sporisorium sorghi and sporisorium cruentum.[5] Similarly, it has found to induce resistance to rust leaf in wheat through increasing the activity of pathogenesis related proteins.[6]
Conservation

While the species as a whole has not yet been assessed,[7] A. africanus subsp. walshii is considered to be endangered by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). It is known only from a small area in the Elgin valley (less than five locations) and the population continues to decline. The largest subpopulation is threatened by unregulated informal settlement expansion. A proportion of the population is protected within the Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve and is not threatened.[8]
See also

List of plants known as lily

References

"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved April 3, 2014.
Manning, John (2012). Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region : 1: the core Cape flora. Peter Goldblatt, G. D. Duncan. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute, SANBI. ISBN 978-1-919976-74-7. OCLC 852384288.
"Agapanthus africanus | PlantZAfrica". pza.sanbi.org. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
"PlantZAfrica: Agapanthus praecox".
Tegegne, G.; Pretorius, J.C.; Swart, W.J. (2008). "Antifungal properties of Agapanthus africanus L. extracts against plant pathogens". Crop Protection. 27 (7): 1052–1060. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2007.12.007.
Singh, R. P. (1992). "Expression of Wheat Leaf Rust Resistance GeneLr34in Seedlings and Adult Plants". Plant Disease. 76 (5): 489. doi:10.1094/pd-76-0489. ISSN 0191-2917.
"Threatened Species Programme | SANBI Red List of South African Plants". redlist.sanbi.org. Retrieved 2021-07-17.
"Threatened Species Programme | SANBI Red List of South African Plants". redlist.sanbi.org. Retrieved 2021-07-17.