Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Umbilicariomycetidae
Ordo: Umbilicariales
Familia: Umbilicariaceae
Genus: Umbilicaria
Species: U. africana – U. americana – U. angulata – U. aprina – U. arctica – U. cinereorufescens – U. crustulosa – U. cylindrica – U. decussata – U. dendrophora – U. deusta – U. esculenta – U. formosana – U. freyi – U. grisea – U. havaasii – U. hirsuta – U. hyperborea – U. hypococcinea – U. indica – U. kisovana – U. koidzumii – U. krascheninnikovii – U. lambii – U. leiocarpa – U. lyngei – U. maculata – U. mammulata – U. muehlenbergii – U. neocylindrica – U. nodulospora – U. nylanderiana – U. phaea – U. polyphylla – U. polyrrhiza – U. proboscidea – U. pseudocinerascens – U. rhizinata – U. rigida – U. rubiginosa – U. scholanderi – U. semitensis – U. soralifera – U. spodochroa – U. subglabra – U. subpolyphylla – U. thamnodes – U. torrefacta – U. tylorrhiza – U. umbilicarioides – U. vellea – U. virginis – U. yunnana
Name
Umbilicaria Hoffm., Descr. Pl. Cl. Crypt. 1(1): 8 (1789). [MycoBank #5666]
Type Species: Umbilicaria hyperborea (Ach.) Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl. Bot. Taschenb. 2: 110 (1796) [1795]. [MycoBank #408119]
Synonymy
Gyrophora Ach., Meth. Lich.: 100 (1803). [MycoBank #2187]
References
Primary references
Acharius, E. 1803. Methodus qua omnes detectos Lichenes secundum organa carpomorpha ad Genera, Species et Varietates redigere atque observationibus illustrare tentavit Erik Acharius., Sect. 1: 1–52, i–lv, 1–152, Sect. 2: 153–393, pl. 1–8. BHL Reference page.
Hoffmann, G.F. 1789–90. Descriptio et adumbratio plantarum e classe cryptogamica Linnaei quae Lichenes dicuntur. 1(1): 1–32, pls. I–VI (1789); 1(2): 33–64, pls. VII–XII (1789); 1(3): 65–86, pls. XIII–XVIII (1790); 1(4): 87–104, pls. XIX–XXIV (1790). Google Books Reference page.
References
Brodo, I.M.; Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Umbilicaria (pp. 696-709) In, Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. **[RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22465] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Frey, E. (1933) Familie Umbilicariaceae pp. 203-426 in Dr. L. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. 2nd edn., Bd. 9, Abt. IV/I: 203–426, Pl. 4-8. Leipzig.
Hestmark, G. (1990) Thalloconidia in the genus Umbilicaria. - Nordic Journal of Botany 9(5): 547–574. **[RLL List # / Rec.# 8496] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1990.tb00546.x)
Hestmark, G. (1991) Teleomorph-Anamorph relationships in Umbilicaria I. Making the connections. - Lichenologist 23(4): 343–359. **[RLL List # / Rec.# 8497] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (Abstract)
Hestmark, G. (1991} Teleomorph-anamorph relationships in Umbilicaria II. Patterns in propagative morph production. - Lichenologist 23(4): 361–380. **[RLL List # / Rec.# 8498] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (Abstract)
Hestmark, G. (1992) Conidiogenesis in five species of Umbilicaria. - Mycological Research 96(12): 1033–1043. **[RLL List # 151 / Rec.# 8500] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (Science Direct)
Hestmark, G. (2004) Umbilicaria (pp. 548-556) In: Nash III, T.H.; Ryan, B.D.; Diederich, P.; Gries, C. and Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 742 pages. **[RLL List # 196 / Rec.# 25973] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Hinds, J.W. and Hinds, P.L. (2007) Umbilicaria Hoffm., 1789 (pp. 477-487) In, The Macrolichens of New England. - Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden No. 96. New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, New York. 584 pp. **[RLL List # 210 / Rec.# 30032] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Llano, G.A. (1950) A Monograph of the Lichen Family Umbilicariaceae in the Western Hemisphere. - Navexos P-831. Office of Naval Research, Washington, D.C.. 281 pp. **[RLL List # 3 / Rec.# 11671] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
McCune, B. and Geiser, L. (2009) Umbilicaria (pp. 336-354) Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. (Second Edition) Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 464 pp. **[RLL List # 216 / Rec.# 31233] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Posner, B.; Feige, G.B. and Huneck, S. (1992} Studies on the chemistry of the lichen genus Umbilicaria Hoffm. - Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Sect. C 47: 1–9. **[RLL List # / Rec.# 14955] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Purvis O.W. (1992) Umbilicaria Hoffm., 1789 (pp. 616-620) In: Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L., James, P.W. and Moore, D.M. (eds.) The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Natural History Museum Publication, 710 pp. **[RLL List # 151 / Rec.# 15105] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Scholander, P.F. (1934) On the apothecia in the lichen family Umbilicariaceae. - Nytt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne\Nyt Mag. Naturvidensk. 75: 1–32. **[Mattick Rec.# 29885] - (Recent Literature on Lichens - Mattick No.)**(PDF file)
Thomson, J.W. (1984) Umbilicaria Hoffm., (pp. 439-461). In, American Arctic Lichens: 1. The Macrolichens. Columbia University Press, New York, 504 pages. **[RLL List # 124-96 / Rec.# 18494] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Wei, Jiang-C. (1993) The lectotypification of some species in the Umbilicariaceae described by Linnaeus or Hoffmann. - Mycosystema, Supplement 5: 1–17. **[RLL List # 170 / Rec.# 20104] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Wei, J. and Jiang, Y. (1993) The Asian Umbilicariaceae. - Mycosystema Monographicum Series No. 1, International Academic Publishers, Beijing. 217 pp. **[RLL List # 155 / Rec.# 20100] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Wirth, V. (1995) Umbilicaria Hoffm. (pp. 928-940) - Teil 2 - In, Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs, Teil 1 & 2. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart. 1006 pp.; in German. **[RLL List # 159 / Rec.# 20405] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Description of the genus Umbilicaria by Simone H.J.J. Louwhoff
Links
USDA Plants Database
Index Fungorum
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Rock tripes, Navel lichens
日本語: イワタケ属
Nederlands: Navelmos
Rock tripe is the common name for various lichens of the genus Umbilicaria that grow on rocks.[1] They can be found throughout northern parts of North America such as New England and the Rocky Mountains. They are edible when properly prepared (soaking for hours to remove bitterness and purgative properties).[2] They have been used as a famine food in extreme cases when other food sources were unavailable, as by early American northern explorers.[2]
Umbilicaria esculenta is commonly used as a food in Asian cuisine and a restorative medicine in traditional Chinese medicine. It is called shi'er (石耳 "rock ear") in Chinese cuisine, iwatake (岩茸 "rock mushroom") in Japanese cuisine, and seogi (석이버섯) in Korean cuisine.
Species
Umbilicaria americana Poelt & T.H.Nash (1993)
Umbilicaria antarctica Frey & I.M.Lamb (1939)
Umbilicaria aprina Nyl. (1869)
Umbilicaria arctica (Ach.) Nyl. (1859)
Umbilicaria bigleri Frey (1949)
Umbilicaria crustulosa (Ach.) Lamy (1879)
Umbilicaria cylindrica (L.) Delise (1830)
Umbilicaria daliensis (J.C.Wei) Davydov, Peršoh & Rambold (2018)
Umbilicaria decussata (Vill.) Zahlbr. (1932)
Umbilicaria deusta (L.) Baumg. (1790)
Umbilicaria dura McCune (2018)[3] – North America
Umbilicaria esculenta (Miyoshi) Minks (1900)
Umbilicaria hirsuta (Sw. ex Westr.) Ach. (1794)
Umbilicaria hispanica (Frey) Davydov, Peršoh & Rambold (2018)
Umbilicaria hyperborea (Ach.) Hoffm. (1796)
Umbilicaria iberica Sancho & Krzew. (2009)
Umbilicaria isidiosa Krzew. (2009)
Umbilicaria maculata Krzew., M.P.Martín & M.A.García (2009))
Umbilicaria mammulata (Ach.) Tuck. (1848)
Umbilicaria muhlenbergii (Ach.) Tuck. (1845)
Umbilicaria multistrata McCune (2018)[3] – North America
Umbilicaria murihikuana D.J.Galloway & Sancho (2005)
Umbilicaria nodulospora McCune, Di Meglio & M.J.Curtis (2014)
Umbilicaria nylanderiana (Zahlbr.) H.Magn. (1937)
Umbilicaria phaea Tuck. (1869)
Umbilicaria polyphylla (L.) Baumg. (1790)
Umbilicaria polyrrhiza (L.) Fr. (1825)
Umbilicaria proboscidea (L.) Schrad. (1794)
Umbilicaria propagulifera (Vain.) Lano (1950)
Umbilicaria pulvinaria (Savicz) Frey (1931)
Umbilicaria rhizinata (Frey & Poelt) Krzew. (2010)
Umbilicaria rigida (Du Rietz) Frey (1931)
Umbilicaria robusta (Llano) D.J.Galloway & Sancho (2005)
Umbilicaria sinorientalis (J.C.Wei) Davydov, Peršoh & Rambold (2018)
Umbilicaria spodochroa Ehrh. ex Hoffm. (1796)
Umbilicaria subglabra (Nyl.) Harm. (1910)
Umbilicaria torrefacta (Lightf.) Schrad. (1794)
Umbilicaria vellea (L.) Ach. (1794)
Umbilicaria virginis Schaer. (1842)
Umbilicaria xizangensis (J.C.Wei & Y.M.Jiang) Davydov, Peršoh & Rambold (2018)
Gallery
Rock Tripe (seogi) with pine nuts
Lichens of the type eaten by John Franklin's men on their journey back from the Coppermine River
Kishū kumano iwatake tori ("Iwatake mushroom gathering at Kumano in Kishu") by Hiroshige II
Umbilicaria havaasii
References
Smith HB, Dal Grande F, Muggia L, Keuler R, Divakar PK, Grewe F, Schmitt I, Lumbsch HT, Leavitt SD. (2020). "Metagenomic data reveal diverse fungal and algal communities associated with the lichen symbiosis". Symbiosis. 82 (1–2): 133–147. doi:10.1007/s13199-020-00699-4.
Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 184. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
McCune, B. (2018). "Two new species in the Umbilicaria torrefacta group from Alaska and the Pacific Northwest of North America". Graphis Scripta. 30 (6): 65–77.
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