Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Basidiomycota
Subdivisio: Agaricomycotina
Classis: Agaricomycetes
Ordo: Thelephorales
Familia: Thelephoraceae
Genus: Thelephora
Species: Thelephora terrestris
Name
Thelephora terrestris
Vernacular names
čeština: Plesňák zemní
English: earthfan lichen
suomi: karvasilokka
日本語: チャイボタケ
Nederlands: gewone franjezwam
русский: Телефора наземная
Thelephora terrestris, commonly known as the common fiber vase[1] or earthfan fungus[2] is an inedible species of fungus in the Basidiomycota phylum.[3]
History and taxonomy
This fungus was first described by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart in 1787.[4][5]
Habitat and ecology
Throughout North America[1] and Europe[5] Thelephora terrestris can be found in soil. It is commonly found in sandy soils under pine trees, on roots[1] and twigs.[6]
This ectomycorrhizal fungus forms a symbiotic relationship known as mycorrhizae, especially with Pinus species.[7] It is commonly found in pine forests[8] as well as plant nursery soils world wide.[9] This fungus is known to get water and nutrients from far away[10] and being capable of growing in both low fertility and high fertility soils.[2]
It is a dominant mycorrhizal fungus,[9] re-establishes quickly after disturbances such as forest fire, and is considered stress tolerant.[11]
Outside of the Pinus genus, it is also capable of forming mycorrizha with other trees such as alder, birch, oak, beech, and poplar.[2]
Thelephora terrestris virus 1 (TtV1), which is a mycovirus, can infect this fungus.[2]
Description
Thelephora terrestris is present year round, though is mostly seen July to December.[1] As the fruiting body forms, it starts off lighter in colour then turns to a darker shade of brown as it ages.[7] A stalk may not be present, if there is one, it is usually very short.[1] Sometimes the fungus is grown in large colonies.[6] The shape is described as a fan and can grow up to 6 cm wide.[6] It has been described to have a moldy earth like smell.[1]
Thelephora terrestris
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Mycological characteristics
Smooth hymenium
No distinct cap
Hymenium attachment is not applicable
Stipe is bare
Spore print is purple-brown
Ecology is mycorrhizal
Edibility is inedible
The hyphae of mycorrhizal forms walls that becomes thicker as it ages, while in earlier stages may be spiney.[12] When mating, the hyphae forms clamp connections[7] The spores are purple-brown colour,[1] ellipsoid or angular shape.[6]
The edibility of this fungus is unknown, but it is considered too tough to be worthwhile.[13]
Thelephora palmata is a similar species which is comparatively stinky and less widely distributed.[13][14]
Physiology
The full life cycle can be reproduced and studied in a laboratory, both ectomycorrhizal form and mushroom form.[15]
Due to the mycotoxins that the fungi produces, it protects pinus trees from root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.[9]
References
National Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. Knopf. 1981. p. 413. ISBN 0-394-51992-2.
Petrzik, Karel; Sarkisova, Tatiana; Starý, Josef; Koloniuk, Igor; Hrabáková, Lenka; Kubešová, Olga (February 2016). "Molecular characterization of a new monopartite dsRNA mycovirus from mycorrhizal Thelephora terrestris (Ehrh.) and its detection in soil oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida)". Virology. 489: 12–19. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.009. PMID 26700067.
Radulović, Niko; Quang, Dang Ngoc; Hashimoto, Toshihiro; Nukada, Makiko; Tanaka, Masami; Asakawa, Yoshinori (2005). "Pregnane-Type Steroids from the Inedible Mushroom Thelephora terrestris". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 53 (3): 309–312. doi:10.1248/cpb.53.309. PMID 15744104.
"Mycobank: Thelephora terrestris". Mycobank. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
Burt, Edward Angus (May 1914). "The Thelephoraceae of North America. I". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1 (2): 185–227. doi:10.2307/2989992. JSTOR 2989992.
Ellis, Martin B.; Ellis, J. Pamela (1990). Fungi without gills (hymenomycetes and gasteromycetes) : an identification handbook (1st ed.). Britain: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.
López-Gutiérrez, Araceli; Perez-Moreno, Jesus; Hernández-Santiago, Faustino; Uscanga-Mortera, Ebandro; García-Esteva, Antonio; Cetina-Alcalá, Victor Manuel; Cardoso-Villanueva, María del Rosario; Xoconostle-Cázares, Beatriz (19 June 2018). "Nutrient mobilization, growth and field survival of Pinus pringlei inoculated with three ectomycorrhizal mushrooms". Botanical Sciences. 96 (2): 286. doi:10.17129/botsci.1239.
Moeller, Holly V.; Peay, Kabir G. (27 July 2016). "Competition-function tradeoffs in ectomycorrhizal fungi". PeerJ. 4: e2270. doi:10.7717/peerj.2270. PMC 4974999. PMID 27547573.
Smith, Sally E; Read, David J (2002). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. pp. 470–489. doi:10.1016/B978-012652840-4/50018-8.
Hilszczańska, Dorota; Małecka, Monika; Sierota, Zbigniew (January 2008). "Changes in nitrogen level and mycorrhizal structure of Scots pine seedlings inoculated with Thelephora terrestris" (PDF). Annals of Forest Science. 65 (4): 409. doi:10.1051/forest:2008020. S2CID 21922463.
Veselá, Petra; Vašutová, Martina; Edwards-Jonášová, Magda; Cudlín, Pavel (29 January 2019). "Soil Fungal Community in Norway Spruce Forests under Bark Beetle Attack". Forests. 10 (2): 109. doi:10.3390/f10020109.
Agerer, R.; Weiss, M. (29 August 2018). "Studies on Ectomycorrhizae. XX. Mycorrhizae Formed by on Norway Spruce". Mycologia. 81 (3): 444–453. doi:10.1080/00275514.1989.12025766.
Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 310–311. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
Birraux, D.; Fries, N. (November 1981). "Germination of basidiospores". Canadian Journal of Botany. 59 (11): 2062–2064. doi:10.1139/b81-267.
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