Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Basidiomycota
Subdivisio: Agaricomycotina
Classis: Agaricomycetes
Subclasses: Agaricomycetidae - Phallomycetidae
Ordines: Agaricales – Amylocorticiales – Atheliales – Auriculariales – Boletales – Cantharellales – Corticiales – Geastrales – Gloeophyllales – Gomphales – Hymenochaetales – Hysterangiales – Lepidostromatales – Phallales – Polyporales – Russulales – Sebacinales – Stereopsidales – Thelephorales – Trechisporales
Genera incertae sedis: Akenomyces – Arthrodochium – Arualis – Cenangiomyces – Cilicia – Corticomyces – Cruciger – Dacryopsida – Dendrosporomyces – Ellula – Fibrillaria – Fibulochlamys – Fibulocoela – Fibulotaeniella – Geotrichopsis – Gloeosynnema – Glomerulomyces – Glutinoagger – Intextomyces – Jacobia – Minostroscyta – Myxodochium – Nyctalina – Pagidospora – Pycnovellomyces – Riessia – Riessiella – Scopulodontia – Titaeella – Trechinothus – Tricladiomyces –Trimitiella – Tubulicrinopsis
Name
Agaricomycetes Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxviii. 2001
Synonyms
Auriculariomycetes Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxviii. 2001
Cantharellomycetes Parmasto, Windahlia 16: 17. 1986
Corticiomycetes Parmasto, Windahlia 16: 17. 1986
References
Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. DJVU Reference page.
Hibbett, D.S., Bauer, R., Binder, M., Giachini, A.J., Hosaka, K., Justo, A., Larsson, E., Larsson, K.H., Lawrey, J.D., Miettinen, O., Nagy, L.G. Nilsson, R.H., Weiss, M. & Thorn, R.G. 2014. Agaricomycetes. In Systematics and evolution (pp. 373-429). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Links
Index Fungorum: IF 501297
Vernacular names
català: Agaricomicet
dansk: Basidieklassen
Nordfriisk: Hünjmotsen
한국어: 주름버섯강
polski: Pieczarniaki
русский: Агарикомицеты
українська: Агарикоміцети
中文: 傘菌綱
The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The taxon is roughly identical to that defined for the Homobasidiomycetes (alternatively called holobasidiomycetes) by Hibbett & Thorn,[2] with the inclusion of Auriculariales and Sebacinales. It includes not only mushroom-forming fungi, but also most species placed in the deprecated taxa Gasteromycetes and Homobasidiomycetes.[3] Within the subdivision Agaricomycotina, which already excludes the smut and rust fungi, the Agaricomycetes can be further defined by the exclusion of the classes Tremellomycetes and Dacrymycetes, which are generally considered to be jelly fungi. However, a few former "jelly fungi", such as Auricularia, are classified in the Agaricomycetes. According to a 2008 estimate, Agaricomycetes include 17 orders, 100 families, 1147 genera, and about 21000 species.[4] Modern molecular phylogenetic analyses have been since used to help define several new orders in the Agaricomycetes: Amylocorticiales, Jaapiales,[5] Stereopsidales,[6] and Lepidostromatales.[7]
Classification
Although morphology of the mushroom or fruit body (basidiocarp) was the basis of early classification of the Agaricomycetes,[8] this is no longer the case. As an example, the distinction between the Gasteromycetes (including puffballs) and Agaricomycetes (most other agaric mushrooms) is no longer recognized as a natural one—various puffball species have apparently evolved independently from agaricomycete fungi. However, most mushroom guide books still group the puffballs or gasteroid forms separate from other mushrooms because the older Friesian classification is still convenient for categorizing fruit body forms. Similarly, modern classifications divide the gasteroid order Lycoperdales between Agaricales and Phallales.
Features
All members of the class produce basidiocarps which range in size from tiny cups a few millimeters across to a giant polypore (Phellinus ellipsoideus) greater than several meters across and weigh up to 500 kilograms (1,100 lb).[9] The group also includes what are arguably the largest and oldest individual organisms on earth: the mycelium of one individual Armillaria gallica has been estimated to extend over 15 hectares (37 acres) with a mass of 10,000 kilograms (22,000 pounds) and an age of 1,500 years.[10]
Ecology
Nearly all species are terrestrial (a few are aquatic), occurring in a wide range of environments where most function as decayers, especially of wood. However, some species are pathogenic or parasitic, and yet others are symbiotic (i.e., mutualistic), these including the important ectomycorrhizal symbionts of forest trees. General discussions on the forms and life cycles of these fungi are developed in the article on mushrooms, in the treatments of the various orders (links in table at right), and in individual species accounts.
Evolution
A study of 5,284 species with a backbone phylogeny based on 104 genomes[11] has suggested the following dates of evolution:
Agaricomycetidae ~185 million years ago (174 million years ago–192 million years ago)
Cantharellales 184 million years ago (144 million years ago–261 million years ago)
Agaricales 173 million years ago (160 million years ago-182 million years ago)
Hymenochaetales 167 million years ago (130 million years ago–180 million years ago)
Boletales 142 million years ago (133 million years ago–153 million years ago)
Fossil record
The fruit bodies of Agaricomycetes are extremely rare in the fossil record, and the class does not yet pre-date the Early Cretaceous (146–100 Ma).[12] The oldest Agaricomycetes fossil, dating from the lower Cretaceous (130–125 Ma) is Quatsinoporites. It is a fragment of a poroid fruit body with features that suggest it could be a member of the family Hymenochaetaceae.[13] Based on molecular clock analysis, the Agaricomycetes are estimated to be about 290 million years old.[14]
Phylogeny
Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships:[15]
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Genera incertae sedis
There are many genera in the Agaricomycetes that have not been classified in any order or family. These include:
Akenomyces
Aldridgea
Anixia
Arrasia[16]
Arthrodochium
Arualis
Atraporiella
Cenangiomyces
Ceraceopsis
Corticomyces
Cruciger
Dendrosporomyces
Ellula
Fibulochlamys
Fibulocoela
Fibulotaeniella
Geotrichopsis[17]
Gloeoradulum
Gloeosynnema
Glomerulomyces
Glutinoagger
Grandinia
Granulocystis
Hallenbergia
Hyphobasidiofera
Hypolyssus
Intextomyces
Korupella
Minostroscyta[18]
Mylittopsis
Odonticium
Pagidospora
Peniophorella
Phlyctibasidium
Pseudasterodon
Purpureocorticium S.H.Wu (2017)[19]
Pycnovellomyces
Resinicium
Riessia
Riessiella
Skvortzovia
Taiwanoporia[20]
Timgrovea
Titaeella
Trechinothus
Tricladiomyces
Trimitiella
Tubulicrinopsis
Xanthoporus
Xenosoma
References
Doweld A. (2001). Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [An attempted system of the vascular plants]. Moscow, Russia: GEOS. pp. 1–111. ISBN 978-5-89118-283-7.
Hibbett DS, Thorn RG (2001). McLaughlin DJ, et al. (eds.). The Mycota, Vol. VII. Part B., Systematics and Evolution. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. pp. 121–168.
Hibbett DS; et al. (2007). "A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–547. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.626.9582. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334.
Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
Binder M, Larsson KH, Matheny PB, Hibbett DS (2010). "Amylocorticiales ord. nov. and Jaapiales ord. nov.: Early diverging clades of Agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms". Mycologia. 102 (4): 865–880. doi:10.3852/09-288. PMID 20648753. S2CID 23931256.
Sjökvist E, Pfeil BE, Larsson E, Larsson K-H (2014). "Stereopsidales – a new order of mushroom-forming fungi". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e106204. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995227S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095227. PMC 4002437. PMID 24777067. open access
Hodkinson BP, Moncada B, Lücking R (2014). "Lepidostromatales, a new order of lichenized fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes), with two new genera, Ertzia and Sulzbacheromyces, and one new species, Lepidostroma winklerianum". Fungal Diversity. 64 (1): 165–179. doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0267-0. S2CID 17382765.
Fries EM (1874). Hymenomycetes Europaei (in Latin). Uppsala: Typis Descripsit Ed. Berling. p. 1.
Cui B-K, Dai Y-C (2011). "Fomitiporia ellipsoidea has the largest fruiting body among the fungi". Fungal Biology. 115 (9): 813–814. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.008. PMID 21872178.
Smith M, Bruhn JH, Anderson JB (1992). "The fungus Armillaria bulbosa is among the largest and oldest living organisms". Nature. 356 (6368): 428–431. Bibcode:1992Natur.356..428S. doi:10.1038/356428a0. S2CID 4319556.
Varga T, Krizsán K, Földi C, Dima B, Sánchez-García M, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Szöllősi GJ, Szarkándi JG, Papp V, Albert L, Andreopoulos W, Angelini C, Antonín V, Barry KW, Bougher NL, Buchanan P, Buyck B, Bense V, Catcheside P, Chovatia M, Cooper J, Dämon W, Desjardin D, Finy P, Geml J, Haridas S, Hughes K, Justo A, Karasiński D, Kautmanova I, Kiss B, Kocsubé S6, Kotiranta H, LaButti KM, Lechner BE, Liimatainen K, Lipzen A, Lukács Z, Mihaltcheva S, Morgado LN, Niskanen T, Noordeloos ME, Ohm RA, Ortiz-Santana B, Ovrebo C, Rácz N, Riley R, Savchenko A, Shiryaev A, Soop K, Spirin V, Szebenyi C, Tomšovský M, Tulloss RE, Uehling J, Grigoriev IV, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T, Martin FM, Miettinen O, Hibbett DS, Nagy LG (2019) Megaphylogeny resolves global patterns of mushroom evolution. Nat Ecol Evol
Kiecksee, Anna Philie; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Dörfelt, Heinrich; Heinrichs, Jochen; Süß, Herbert; Schmidt, Alexander R. (2012). "Pre-Cretaceous Agaricomycetes yet to be discovered: Reinvestigation of a putative Triassic bracket fungus from southern Germany". Fossil Record. 15 (2): 85–89. doi:10.1002/mmng.201200006.
Smith, S.Y.; Currah, R.S.; Stockey, R.A. (2004). "Cretaceous and Eocene poroid hymenophores from Vancouver Island, British Columbia". Mycologia. 96 (1): 180–186. doi:10.2307/3762001. JSTOR 3762001. PMID 21148842.
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