Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Rhizocarpales
Familia: Rhizocarpaceae
Genus: Rhizocarpon
Species: R. adarense – R. advenulum – R. alaxense – R. alpicola – R. amphibium – R. anaperum – R. anseris – R. arctogenum – R. athalloides – R. atroflavescens – R. atrovirellum – R. austroalpinum – R. austroamphibium – R. badioatrum – R. bolanderi – R. caeruleoalbum – R. caesium – R. carpaticum – R. chioneum – R. cinereonigrum – R. cinereovirens – R. concentricum – R. cookeanum – R. copelandii – R. dimelaenae – R. dinothetes – R. diploschistidina – R. discoense – R. disporum – R. distinctum – R. effiguratum – R. epispilum – R. eupetraeoides – R. eupetraeum – R. exiguum – R. expallescens – R. ferax – R. flavomedullosum – R. frigidum – R. furax – R. furfurosum – R. geminatum – R. geographicum – R. grande – R. haidense – R. hensseniae – R. hochstetteri – R. inarense – R. infernulum – R. intermediellum – R. intersitum – R. jemtlandicum – R. johnstonii – R. kerguelense – R. lavatum – R. lecanorinum – R. leptolepis – R. lindsayanum – R. macrosporum – R. malenconianum – R. mawsonii – R. melaenum – R. microsporum – R. nidificum – R. norvegicum – R. obscuratum – R. oederi – R. ozsoyae – R. parasiticum – R. parvum – R. petraeum – R. polycarpoides – R. polycarpum – R. postumum – R. praebadium – R. pseudorivulare – R. pusillum – R. rapax – R. reductum – R. renneri – R. richardii – R. ridescens – R. riparium – R. rittokense – R. rivulare – R. rubescens – R. saanaënse – R. santessonii – R. saurinum – R. simillimum – R. smaragdulum – R. subcaeruleum – R. subgeminatum – R. sublavatum – R. submodestum – R. subpostumum – R. sulphurosum – R. sunchonense – R. superficiale – R. tetramerum – R. timdalii – R. torquatum – R. umbilicatum – R. vernicomoideum – R. vigilans – R. viridiatrum – R. vorax – R. vulcani
Name
Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC., 1805
References
Ramond ex DC., in Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 2: 365 (1805)
Lamarck, J.-B. & De Candolle, A.P. 1805. Flore Française, ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France. Troisième édition, Tome second. XII + 600 pp. Paris: Agasse. BHL Biblioteca Digital Reference page. (Mattick Rec.# 33435 - Literature on Lichens) (Rhizocarpon: p. 365)
Feuerer, T. (1978) Zur Kenntnis der Flechtengattung Rhizocarpon in Bayern. Ber. Bayer. Bot. Ges. 49: 59–135. (RLL List # 106-29 / Rec. # 5624 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Feuerer, T. (1991) Revision der europäischen Arten der Flechtengattung Rhizocarpon mit nichtgelbem Lager und veilzelligen Sporen. - Bibliotheca Lichenologica No. 39. J. Cramer, Berlin-Stuttgart. 218 pp. (RLL List # 143 / Rec. # 5629 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Feuerer, T. and Timdal, E. (2004) Rhizocarpon, pp. 456-466. In T.H. Nash III, B.D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 742 pages. (RLL List # 196 / Rec. # 25952 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Ihlen, P.G. (2004) Taxonomy of the non-yellow species of Rhizocarpon (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) in the Nordic countries, with hyaline and muriform ascospores. Mycological Research 108(5): 533–570. (RLL List # 195 / Rec. # 25602 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
Poelt, J. and Vězda, A. (1981) Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Ergänzungsheft II. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 16, J. Cramer, Vaduz. 390 pp. (RLL List # 112-57 / Rec. # 14779 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Poelt, J. (1990) Parasitische Arten der Flechtengattung Rhizocarpon: eine weitere Übersicht. Mitt. bot. Staatssamml. München 29: 515–538. (RLL List # / Rec. # 14902 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (PDF file) (Biodiversity Heritage Library)
Purvis, O.W.; Coppins, B.J.; Hawksworth, D.L.; James, P.W. and Moore, D.M. (eds.) (1992) Rhizocarpon (pp. 531-542) In, The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Natural History Museum Publication, 710 pp. (RLL List # 151 / Rec. # 15105 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Runemark, H. (1956) Studies in Rhizocarpon. I. Taxonomy of the yellow species in Europe. Opera Bot. 2, 1: 1–152. (RLL List # 22 / Rec. # 16015 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Runemark, H. (1956) Studies in Rhizocarpon. II. Distribution and ecology of the yellow species in Europe. Opera Bot. 2, 2: 1–150. (RLL List # 22 / Rec. # 16016 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Timdal, E. and Holtan-Hartwig, J. (1988) A preliminary key to Rhizocarpon in Scandinavia. Graphis Scripta 2: 41–45. (RLL List # 136 / Rec. # 18646 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
USDA Plants Database
North American Lichen Checklist, Version (#17) 16 May 2011
Index Fungorum
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Map lichens
日本語: チズゴケ属
中文: 地图衣属
Rhizocarpon is a genus of crustose, saxicolous (or sometimes lichenicolous), lecideoid lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae. The genus is common in arctic-alpine environments, but also occurs throughout temperate, subtropical, and even tropical regions. They are commonly known as map lichens because of the prothallus forming border-like bands between colonies in some species, like the common map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum).
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Together with three small genera (Catolechia, Poeltinula and Epilichen), Rhizocarpon constitutes the family Rhizocarpaceae.[2][3][4] Historically, ca 389 names have been used.[5] However, many species concepts are ill-defined, many names have been synonymized[6] and new species are regularly being described,[7][8][9][10] so true number of species is not entirely clear as of now, but is estimated to be around 200.[9][10][11][12] In molecular work, the genus has also been shown to be paraphyletic, with closely related genera being nested within Rhizocarpon.[3][13]
Common traits
With so many species in a morphologically diverse genus it is difficult to say something general about morphology and anatomy and there will inevitably be some exceptions. However, they do share some key traits. They are all crustose and mostly saxicolous (rock-living), with some being lichenicolous (lichen parasites) on other saxicolous lichens. They are all lecideoid, meaning they have apothecia without a thallus margin containing algae.
Ascus and ascospores
The genus has a distinct type of ascus, the Rhizocarpon-type,[14] which is bitunicate with the inner ascus-wall being slightly apically thickened. Ascospores are considered important characters for determining species within the genus. They are either 2-celled (1-septate) or multi-celled (muriform) and are either hyaline or pigmented (green or brown), often with a characteristic halo (perispore) visible when viewed in a microscope. Asci contain eight, two or rarely one spore.[6][8][11][13]
Species
As of October 2022, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 75 species of Rhizopogon.[15]
Rhizocarpon advenulum (Leight.) Hafellner & Poelt (1976)
Rhizocarpon alpicola (Fr.) Rabenh. (1861)
Rhizocarpon amphibium (Fr.) Körb. (1855)
Rhizocarpon anaperum (Vain.) Vain. (1922)
Rhizocarpon austroalpinum P.M.McCarthy, Elix & Kantvilas (2020)[16] – Australia
Rhizocarpon austroamphibium Fryday & Kantvilas (2012)[17] – Australia
Rhizocarpon badioatrum (Flörke ex Spreng.) Th.Fr. (1874)
Rhizocarpon bicolor Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2019)[18] – Australia
Rhizocarpon caeruleoalbum (Kremp.) Zahlbr. (1926)
Rhizocarpon caesium Fryday (2002)[19] – Europe
Rhizocarpon chioneum (Norman) Th.Fr. (1874)
Rhizocarpon cinereonigrum Vain. (1922)[20]
Rhizocarpon cinereovirens (Müll.Arg.) Vain. (1922)
Rhizocarpon clausum (C.Knight ex Shirley) Zahlbr. (1926)
Rhizocarpon cleptophilum Alstrup & E.S.Hansen (2001)[21] – Greenland
Rhizocarpon copelandii (Körb.) Th.Fr. (1874)
Rhizocarpon dahlii Øvstedal (2009)
Rhizocarpon dimelaenae Timdal (2004)
Rhizocarpon diploschistinum McCune (2011)
Rhizocarpon disporum (Nägeli ex Hepp) Müll.Arg. (1879)
Rhizocarpon distinctum Th.Fr. (1874)
Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides (Nyl.) Blomb. & Forssell (1880)
Rhizocarpon exiguum P.M.McCarthy, Elix & Kantvilas (2020)[16] – Australia
Rhizocarpon expallescens Th.Fr. (1874)
Rhizocarpon ferax H.Magn. (1948)[22]
Rhizocarpon flavomedullosum Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2014)[23] – Australia
Rhizocarpon furfurosum H.Magn. & Poelt (1955)[24]
Rhizocarpon geminatum Körb. (1855)
Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. (1805)
Rhizocarpon grande (Flörke ex Flot.) Arnold (1871)
Rhizocarpon haidense Brodo & Fryday (2020)[25]
Rhizocarpon hochstetteri (Körb.) Vain. (1922)
Rhizocarpon inarense (Vain.) Vain. (1898)
Rhizocarpon infernulum (Nyl.) Lynge (1934)
Rhizocarpon intermediellum Räsänen (1943)[26]
Rhizocarpon jemtlandicum Malme (1914)[27]
Rhizocarpon johnstonii C.W.Dodge (1948)
Rhizocarpon kerguelense C.W.Dodge (1948)
Rhizocarpon lavatum (Ach.) Hazsl. (1884)
Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Anders (1923)[28]
Rhizocarpon lusitanicum (Nyl.) Arnold (1871)
Rhizocarpon malvinae Fryday (2019)[29] – Falkland Islands
Rhizocarpon mawsonii C.W.Dodge (1948)
Rhizocarpon ochrolechiae (Poelt & Nimis) Hafellner (1992)
Rhizocarpon oederi (Ach.) Körb. (1861)
Rhizocarpon oxydatum Fryday (2004)[30] – New Zealand
Rhizocarpon pallidum (Akramova) Kudratov (2002)
Rhizocarpon petraeum (Wulfen) A.Massal. (1852)
Rhizocarpon polycarpum (Hepp) Th.Fr. (1874)
Rhizocarpon postumum (Nyl.) Arnold (1871)
Rhizocarpon purpurascens Fryday (2004)[30] – New Zealand
Rhizocarpon pusillum Runemark (1956)
Rhizocarpon quinonum McCune, Timdal & Bendiksby (2016)[31] – Alaska
Rhizocarpon reductum Th.Fr. (1874)
Rhizocarpon richardii (Lamy ex Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1926)
Rhizocarpon ridescens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1905)
Rhizocarpon roridulum (Th.Fr.) Zahlbr. (1926)
Rhizocarpon saurinum (W.A.Weber) Bungartz (2004)
Rhizocarpon simillimum (Anzi) Lettau (1912)
Rhizocarpon sipmanianum Kalb & Aptroot (2017)
Rhizocarpon smaragdulum Davydov & Yakovch. (2017)[32] – Siberia
Rhizocarpon subareolatum E.S.Hansen (2007)[33] – Greenland
Rhizocarpon subgeminatum Eitner (1911)[34]
Rhizocarpon sublavatum Fryday (2000)[35] – Europe
Rhizocarpon submodestum (Vain.) Vain. (1922)
Rhizocarpon subpostumum (Nyl.) Arnold (1877)
Rhizocarpon sulphurosum (Tuck. ex Willey) Lendemer (2010)
Rhizocarpon sunchonense S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2018)[36] – South Korea
Rhizocarpon superficiale (Schaer.) Malme (1914)
Rhizocarpon tephromelae Øvstedal (2009)
Rhizocarpon timdalii Ihlen & Fryday (2002)[37] – Europe; North America
Rhizocarpon tinei (Tornab.) Runemark (1956)
Rhizocarpon torquatum P.M.McCarthy, J.A.Elix & G.Kantvilas (2020)/
Rhizocarpon transiens Eitner (1911)
Rhizocarpon tungurahuae Etayo & Palice (2017)
Rhizocarpon umbilicatum (Ramond) Flagey (1894)
Rhizocarpon umense (H.Magn.) A.Nordin (2005)
Rhizocarpon vigilans P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2014)[23] – Australia
Rhizocarpon viridiatrum (Wulfen) Körb. (1855)
Rhizocarpon vulcani May.Inoue (2001)[38] – Japan
Gallery
Rhizocarpon sp. on a mountain Zlatibor, Serbia
Rhizocarpon sp. on a mountain Zlatibor, Serbia
Rhizocarpon pycnocarpoides
Rhizocarpon pycnocarpoides
References
"Synonymy. Current Name: Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC., in Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 2: 365 (1805)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
Hafellner, J. (1984). "Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae". Nova Hedwigia. 79: 242–366.
Miadlikowska, J., Kauff, F., Högnabba, F., Oliver, J. C., Molnár, K., Fraker, E., ... & Otálora, M. A. (2014). "A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 132–168. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003. PMC 4185256. PMID 24747130.
Lücking, R., Hodkinson, B. P., & Leavitt, S. D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.
"Rhizocarpon". MycoBank. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
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McCune, B., Timdal, E., & Bendiksby, M. (2016). "Rhizocarpon quinonum, a new anthraquinone-containing species from the Alaska Peninsula". The Lichenologist. 48 (5): 367–375. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000347. S2CID 89195796.
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Rhizocarpon dinothetes new to Scandinavia, R. Haugan, "Graphis Scripta" Volym 3 (1) 1990
Ihlen, P. G., & Ekman, S. (2016). "Outline of phylogeny and character evolution in Rhizocarpon (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) based on nuclear ITS and mitochondrial SSU ribosomal DNA sequences". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 77 (4). Oxford Academic: 535–546. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00127.x.
Honegger, R. (1980). "The ascus apex in lichenized fungi II. The Rhizocarpon-type" (PDF). The Lichenologist. 12 (2): 157–172. doi:10.1017/S002428298000014X. S2CID 84207315.
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Davydov, Evgeny A.; Yakovchenko, Lidia S. (2017). "Rhizocarpon smaragdulum, a new monosporic yellow-thalline species and some additional species of the genus Rhizocarpon from the Altai Mountains (Siberia)". The Lichenologist. 49 (5): 457–466. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000469. S2CID 89823559.
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