Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Ramalina
Species: R. africana – R. ahtii – R. ailaoshanensis – R. alisiosae – R. alludens – R. almquistii – R. americana – R. anceps – R. anteojina – R. arabum – R. arsenii – R. asahinae – R. aspera – R. australiensis – R. azorica – R. bajacalifornica – R. baltica – R. banzarensis – R. bistorta – R. breviuscula – R. caespitella – R. calicaris – R. camptospora – R. canaguensis – R. canalicularis – R. canariensis – R. cannonii – R. capitata – R. carminae – R. celastri – R. chihuahuana – R. chilensis – R. chondrina – R. cinereovirens – R. cochlearis – R. complanata – R. conduplicans – R. confirmata – R. confusa – R. coreana – R. corymbosa – R. crinita – R. culbersoniorum – R. cuspidata – R. darwiniana – R. dasypoga – R. decipiens – R. dendriscoides – R. denticulata – R. dilacerata – R. disparata – R. dissimilis – R. dumeticola – R. ecklonii – R. elegans – R. erumpens – R. europaea – R. evernioides – R. exiguella – R. exilis – R. farinacea – R. fastigiata – R. filicaulis – R. fimbriata – R. fissa – R. flaccidissima – R. fleigiae – R. fragilis – R. fraxinea – R. furcellangulida – R. gallowayi – R. geniculata – R. geniculatella – R. glaucescens – R. gloriosensis – R. gomerana – R. hengduanshanensis – R. hivertiana – R. hoehneliana – R. hossei – R. hypoprotocetrarica – R. hyrcana – R. implectens – R. inclinata – R. inflata – R. inflexa – R. intermedia – R. intestiniformis – R. ketner-oostrae – R. krogiae – R. kurokawae – R. labiosorediata – R. lacera – R. leiodea – R. leptocarpha – R. leptosperma – R. linearis – R. litoralis – R. litorea – R. luciae – R. maciformis – R. maegdefraui – R. mahoneyi – R. melanothrix – R. menziesii – R. meridionalis – R. microspora – R. minuscula – R. mirandensis – R. montagnei – R. moranii – R. nematodes – R. nervulosa – R. obtusata – R. ovalis – R. pacifica – R. paludosa – R. panizzei – R. peruviana – R. petrina – R. pitardii – R. pluviariae – R. pollinaria – R. polyforma – R. polymorpha – R. portuensis – R. psoromica – R. puberulenta – R. puiggarii – R. pusilla – R. qinlingensis – R. quercicola – R. reptans – R. requienii – R. rigida – R. rigidella – R. riparia – R. roesleri – R. ryukyuensis – R. sanctae-helenae – R. scoparia – R. seawardii – R. siliquosa – R. sinaloensis – R. sinensis – R. sonorensis – R. sorediantha – R. sorediosa – R. sphaerophora – R. stenospora – R. stevensiae – R. stoffersii – R. subamplicata – R. subcalcarata – R. subcalicaris – R. subdecumbens – R. subfarinacea – R. subfraxinea – R. subgeniculata – R. subleptocarpha – R. subpellucida – R. subpusilla – R. subrotunda – R. tenaensis – R. tenella – R. tenuis – R. thrausta – R. throwerae – R. tropica – R. unifolia – R. unilateralis – R. usnea – R. venezuelensis – R. victoriana – R. whinrayi – R. wigginsii – R. willeyi – R. yemensis – R. yokotae – R. zollingeri
Name
Ramalina Ach., 1810
Synonyms
Ramalinopsis (Zahlbr.) Follmann & Huneck, 1969
Vermilacinia Spjut & Hale, 1995
References
Acharius, E. (1810) Lichenographia Universalis. Cum tab. aen. color. - Göttingen. 689 pp. (Mattick Rec.# 30922 - Literature on Lichens) (PDF file) (pages 122, 598)
Bannister, J.; Blanchon, D.J. 2002: The typification and status of the name Ramalina banzarensis. Australasian lichenology, (51): 14–16. PDF of whole issue Reference page.
Bannister, J.M.; Blanchon, D.J. 2003: The lichen genus Ramalina Ach. (Ramalinaceae) on the outlying islands of the New Zealand geographic area. Lichenologist, 35(2): 137–146. DOI: 10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00017-3 Paywall. Reference page.
Blanchon, D.J.; Easton, L.M.; Braggins, J.E. 1996: New records of Ramalina (lichenised Ascomycotina, Ramalinaceae) from Niue Island, South-West Pacific. New Zealand journal of botany, 34(4): 591–592. DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.1996.10410138 Open access. Reference page.
Blanchon, D.J., Braggins, J.E. & Stewart, A. 1996. The lichen genus Ramalina in New Zealand. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 79: 43–98. Reference page.
Blanchon, D.; de Lange, P. 2011: New records of Ramalina (Ramalinaceae: Ascomycota) from the Cook Islands. Australasian lichenology, (69): 4–10. PDF of whole issue Reference page.
Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Ramalina (pp. 620–632) In, Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. (RLL List # 184 / Rec. # 22465 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Kashiwadani, H. and Kalb, K. (1993) The genus Ramalina in Brazil. Lichenologist 25: 1–31. (RLL List # 151 / Rec. # 9872 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (doi:10.1006/lich.1993.1010)
Kashiwadani, H. and Nash III, T.H. (2004) Ramalina, pp. 440–455. In T.H. Nash III, B.D. Ryan, P. Diederich, C. Gries & F. Bungartz (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 742 pages. (RLL List # 196 / Rec. # 25950 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Lumbsch, H.T. and Huhndorf, S.M. (ed.) 2007: Outline of Ascomycota – 2007. Myconet 13: 1 - 58. (RLL List # 210 / Rec. # 30164 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Outline of Ascomycota - 2007)
Purvis, O.W.; Coppins, B.J.; Hawksworth, D.L.; James, P.W. and Moore, D.M. (eds.) (1992) Ramalina, pp. 524–529. In, The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Natural History Museum Publication, 710 pp. (RLL List # 151 / Rec. # 15105 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Wirth, V. (1995) Ramalina, pp. 796–802. - Teil 2 - In, Die Flechten Baden-Württembergs, Teil 1 & 2. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart. 1006 pp.; in German. (RLL List # 159 / Rec. # 20405 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
USDA Plants Database
North American Lichen Checklist, Version (#17) 16 May 2011
Index Fungorum
MycoBank
Vernacular names
беларуская: Рамаліна
English: Ramalina, Cartilage lichens
русский: Рамалина
Ramalina is a genus of greenish fruticose lichens that grow in the form of flattened, strap-like branches.[3]: 189 Members of the genus are commonly called strap lichens[3]: 189 or cartilage lichens.[4] Apothecia are lecanorine.[3]: 189
It is in the family Ramalinaceae and in the suborder Lecanorineae.[5]
Description
The genus Ramalina consists of shrubby (fruticose) lichens that often appear tufted, ranging from erect to hanging (pendulous) forms. The lobes of the thallus, which is the body of the lichen, typically emerge from a well-defined or more spread-out holdfast—a structure that anchors the lichen to its substrate. In rare cases, these lichens can be free-living, unattached to any surface. The branches within the thallus can vary from singular to many, and their branching pattern may be either regularly forked (dichotomous) or more irregular. These branches are commonly compressed and strap-shaped, although they can occasionally be rounded or symmetrical when viewed in cross-section. Some species may have channels, and a few can even develop window-like openings (fenestrations) or small, wart-like structures called papillae. In addition, the surface may be smooth or display ridges.[6]
The outer layer of the thallus, the cortex, is typically thin and sometimes indistinct. Beneath the cortex lies a well-developed, cylindrical layer of interwoven fungal filaments hyphae), which is absent in species like Ramalina lacera. The inner side of this layer is often invaded by the photobiont layer, where the symbiotic algae reside. The algal partner in Ramalina lichens belongs to the trebouxioid group. The medulla, a loosely packed layer of hyphae beneath the photobiont, is usually airy and web-like (arachnoid) but can be denser or even absent in hollow branches.[6]
Soralia—structures that produce asexual reproductive granules—are commonly found in Ramalina species. These granules can sometimes resemble tiny isidia, which are small, vegetative reproductive outgrowths. The reproductive structures where sexual reproduction occurs (apothecia), are usually short-stalked and located at or near the tips of the branches, often on the curved sections. The apothecia may range from concave to flat or convex as they age, with disc colours varying from pale yellow to pale green, brown, or pinkish-yellow, and sometimes covered with a white powdery coating (pruina). The edge of the apothecium, called the thalline margin, is usually present and may persist or become almost unnoticeable over time.[6]
The asci, which are the spore-producing cells within the apothecia, are elongated and club-shaped, typically containing eight spores. These spores are one-septate, meaning they have a single division, and are broadly ellipsoidal or kidney-shaped, remaining colourless. Ramalina also produces asexual reproductive structures called pycnidia, which are tiny, flask-shaped bodies with an opening (ostiole) that may be pale or darkened. The cells within these pycnidia that generate conidia (asexual spores) are generally cylindrical, and the conidia themselves are rod-shaped, colourless, and without internal divisions (aseptate).[6]
Chemically, Ramalina lichens often contain usnic acid, a compound that gives them a yellowish-green hue, along with various other substances, including depsides, depsidones, and aliphatic compounds.[6] Lichen spot tests on the cortex are K−, C−, KC+ dark yellow, and P−.[3]: 189
Distribution
The genus has a widespread distribution. A 2008 estimate placed more than 240 species in Ramalina.[7]
Species
R. ailaoshanensis S.Y.Guo & L.F.Han (2021)[8] – China
R. alisiosae Pérez-Vargas & Pérez-Ort. (2013)[9] – Canary Islands
R. americana Hale (1979) [1978][10] – North America
R. andina V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[11] – Venezuela
R. arabum (Dill. ex Ach.) Meyen & Flot. (1843)
R. arsenii Sérus., van den Boom & Magain (2021)[12] – Europe
R. azorica Aptroot & F.Schumm (2008)[13] – Azores
R. australiensis Nyl. (1870)[14]
R. baltica Lettau (1912)
R. banzarensis C.W.Dodge (1948)
R. breviuscula (Nyl.) Nyl. (1872)
R. caespitella G.N.Stevens (1986)[15] – Australia
R. calcarata Krog & Swinscow (1974)[16] – East Africa
R. calicaris (L.) Röhl. (1813)
R. canalicularis (Nyl.) Kashiw. (2004)
R. canariensis J.Steiner (1904)[17]
R. cannonii Elix, Laily & Samsuddin (1991)[18] – Peninsular Malaysia
R. capitata (Ach.) Nyl. (1872)
R. carminae R.Arroyo & Seriñá (2011)
R. celastri (Spreng.) A.Massal. (1861)
R. chihuahuana Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2002)[19] – Mexico
R. chiguarensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[11] – Venezuela
R. chondrina J.Steiner (1904)[17]
R. cinereovirens Kashiw., K.H.Moon & J.E.Han (2021)[20] – South Korea
R. confirmata (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1930)
R. coreana Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2002)[21] – Southeast Asia
R. corymbosa (Hue) Kotlov (2004)
R. crispata V.Marcano & A. Morales (1994)[11] – Venezuela
R. cuspidata (Ach.) Nyl. (1870)
R. darwiniana Aptroot & Bungartz (2007)[22] – Galapagos
R. dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. (1825)
R. disparata Krog & Swinscow (1976)[23] – Africa
R. dissimilis Krog (2000)[24] – Tanzania
R. dumeticola Krog & Swinscow (1976)[23] – Africa
R. europaea Gasparyan, Sipman & Lücking (2017)[25] – Europe
R. exiguella Stirt. (1881)
R. exilis Asahina (1939)[26] – Japan
R. farinacea (L.) Ach. (1810)
R. fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. (1810)
R. fecunda Krog & Swinscow (1976)[23] – Africa
R. filicaulis G.N.Stevens (1987)[27] – Australia
R. fimbriata Krog & Swinscow (1974)[16] – East Africa
R. fissa (Müll.Arg.) Vain. (1900)
R. fragilis Aptroot & Bungartz (2007)[22] – Galapagos
R. fraxinea (L.) Ach. (1810)
R. furcellangulida Aptroot (2007)[22] – Galapagos
R. galapagoensis Follmann (1968)
R. gallowayi Kashiw., T.H.Nash & K.H.Moon (2007)
R. geniculatella Aptroot (2008)[28] – Saint Helena
R. glaucescens Kremp. (1881)
R. gloriosensis R.Poncet (2021)[29] – Scattered Islands
R. hengduanshanensis S.O.Oh & Li S.Wang (2014)
R. hivertiana R.Poncet (2021)[29] – Scattered Islands
R. hoehneliana Müll.Arg. (1890)
R. hyrcana Sipman (2011)
R. inclinata Kashiw., K.H.Moon & M.J.Lai (2006)
R. inflata (Hook.f. & Taylor) Hook.f. & Taylor (1845)
R. intermedia (Delise ex Nyl.) Nyl. (1873)
R. intestiniformis Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2016)[30] – Korea
R. ketner-oostrae Aptroot (2008)[28] – Saint Helena
R. krogiae Guissard & Sérus. (2020)[31] – Canary Islands
R. labiosorediata Gasparyan, Sipman & Lücking (2017)[25] – North America
R. lacera (With.) J.R.Laundon (1984)
R. leiodea (Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)
R. leptocarpha Tuck., 1858
R. litorea G.N.Stevens (1986)[15]
R. lopezii V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[11] – Venezuela
R. luciae Molho, Bodo, W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb. (1981)
R. mahoneyi Quedensley & M.Véliz (2011)
R. maritima Krog & Swinscow (1976)[23] – Africa
R. marteaui R.Poncet (2021)[29] – Scattered Islands
R. menziesii Taylor (1847)
R. meridionalis Blanchon & Bannister (2002)[32]
R. microphylla V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[11] – Venezuela
R. nervulosa (Müll.Arg.) Abbayes (1952)
R. obtusata (Arnold) Bitter (1901)
R. osorioi Kashiw., T.H.Nash & K.H.Moon (2007)[33]
R. pacifica Asahina (1939)[26] – Japan
R. panizzei De Not. (1846)[34]
R. peruviana Ach. (1810)
R. pollinaria (Westr.) Ach. (1810)
R. polyforma Aptroot (2007)[22] – Galapagos
R. polymorpha (Lilj.) Ach. (1810)
R. portuensis Samp. (1924)
R. psoromica Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2002)[19] – Mexico
R. qinlingensis S.Y.Guo & L.F.Han (2021)[8] – China
R. quercicola Kashiw. & T.H.Nash (2004)
R. reducta Krog & Swinscow (1976)[23] – Africa
R. reptans Kashiw., C.W.Sm. & K.H.Moon (2002)[35] – Hawaii
R. rigidella Aptroot (2008)[28] – Saint Helena
R. ryukyuensis Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2017)[36] – Japan
R. sanctae-helenae Aptroot (2008)[28] – Saint Helena
R. santanensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[11] – Venezuela
R. sarahae K.Knudsen, Lendemer & Kocouk. (2018)[37] – Channel Islands (California)
R. seawardii Aptroot & Sipman (2001)[38] – Hong Kong
R. sideriza Zahlbr. (1911)
R. siliquosa (Huds.) A.L.Sm. (1918)
R. sphaerophora Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2016)[30] – Korea
R. stevensiae Elix, Laily & Samsuddin (1991)[18] – Norfolk Island
R. stoffersii Sipman (2011)[39]
R. subdecumbens Kashiw., K.H.Moon & J.E.Han (2021)[20] – South Korea
R. subfarinacea (Nyl. ex Cromb.) Nyl. (1872)
R. subfraxinea Nyl. (1870)
R. subrotunda Kashiw., C.W.Sm. & K.H.Moon (2002)[35] – Hawaii
R. tapperii Krog & Swinscow (1974)[16] – East Africa
R. tenella Müll.Arg. (1879)
R. tenuissima V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[11] – Venezuela
R. throwerae Aptroot & Sipman (2001)[38] – Hong Kong
R. tovarensis V.Marcano & A.Morales (1994)[11] – Venezuela
R. translucida Krog & Swinscow (1974)[16] – East Africa
R. tropica G.N.Stevens (1987)[27] – Australia
R. unilateralis F.Wilson (1889)
R. usnea (L.) R.Howe (1914)
R. whinrayi G.N.Stevens (1986)[15] – Australia
R. wirthii Aptroot & Schumm (2008)[13] – Azores
R. yokotae Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2017)[36] – Japan
R. zollingeri Szatala (1937)[40]
References
Acharius, E. (1809). Lichenographia Universalis (in Latin). pp. 122, 598.
"Synonymy. Current Name: Ramalina Ach., in Luyken, Tent. Hist. Lich.: 95 (1809)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
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Pérez-Vargas, Israel (2014). "A new endemic Ramalina species from the Canary Islands (Ascomycota, Lecanorales)". Phytotaxa. 159 (4): 269–278. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.159.4.3.
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