Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Parmeliaceae
SubFamilia: Parmelioideae
Genus: Pseudevernia
Species: P. cladonia – P. confusa – P. consocians – P. furfuracea – P. intensa – P. isidiophora – P. kamerunensis – P. mauritiana – P. polita – P. soralifera – P. thamnidiella
Name
Pseudevernia Zopf, 1903
Type Species: Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf, 1903
Life habit: Lichenized.
References
Zopf, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 14: 124 (1903)
Zopf, W. (1903) Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Flechten in Bezug auf ihre Stoffwechselprodukte. Erste Abhandlung. - Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt\Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 14: 95–126. (Mattick Rec.# 23093 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Pseudevernia (pp. 588-591) In, Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. (RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22465 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (The book)
Ferencova, Z.; Del Prado, R.; Pérez-Vargas, I; Hernández-Padrón, C. and Crespo, A. (2010) A discussion about reproductive modes of Pseudevernia furfuracea based on phylogenetic data. The Lichenologist 42 (4): 449–460. (RLL List # 219/ Rec.# 31845 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (doi:10.1017/S0024282909990739)
Flenniken, D. (1999) Pseudevernia Zopf (pp. 184-185) In The Macrolichens In West Virginia, 231 pages, 26 plates. (Published by D. Flenniken, 2273 Blachleyville Rd, Wooster, Ohio 44691) (RLL List # 175 / Rec.# 5723 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Hinds, J.W. and Hinds, P.L. (2007) Pseudevernia Zopf, 1903 (pp. 418-420) In, The Macrolichens of New England. - Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden No. 96. New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, New York. 584 pp. (RLL List # 210 / Rec.# 30032 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Hale, M.E., Jr. (1968) A synopsis of the lichen genus Pseudevernia. - The Bryologist 71: 1–11. (RLL List # 67 / Rec.# 7434 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (JSTOR)
Hale, M.E., Jr. and Culberson, W.L. (1966) A third checklist of the lichens of the continental United States and Canada. - The Bryologist 69: 141–182. (RLL List # 60 / Rec.# 7369 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (JSTOR)
Nash III, T.H. and Elix, J.A. (2002) Pseudevernia (pp. 411-413) In: Nash III, T.H., Ryan, B.D, Gries, C. and Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 532 pages. (RLL List # 187 / Rec.# 23113 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
USDA Plants Database
Index Fungorum
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Antler lichens, Light and dark lichens
Pseudevernia is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae.[1] The type species of the genus, Pseudevernia furfuracea (commonly known as tree moss), has substantial commercial value in the perfume industry.[2]
Systematics
Pseudevernia was circumscribed by German botanist Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf in 1903 with Pseudevernia furfuracea as the type species.[3]
Pseudevernia is a member of the Hypogymnioid clade of the family Parmeliaceae; this clade, which also includes the genera Arctoparmelia, Brodoa, and Hypogymnia, is an evolutionary lineage comprising species occurring in temperate to subpolar regions in both hemispheres. Pseudevernia has been estimated to have diverged from its closest ancestors during the Oligocene at 31.43 Ma, and is the earliest-diverging member of the Hypogymnioid clade.[4]
Description
Pseudevernia lichens generally have a foliose (leafy) thallus, although occasionally it becomes almost fruticose in form. This is the case with P. cladonia, which has intricately branched lobes about 1 mm wide; the lobes of most other Pseudevernia species are 2–4 mm wide. The lower surface of the thallus often darkens to a purplish-black or mottled white colour, a striking feature that is characteristic of this genus.[5]
Several secondary chemicals are produced amongst Pseudevernia lichens. All species in the genus produce atranorin in the cortex, while lecanoric acid, physodic acid, and olivetoric acid occur in the medullae of some species.[5]
Species
Pseudevernia consocians (top) and P. cladonia (bottom) sharing the same habitat
Pseudevernia alectoronica Egan (2016)[6] – Mexico
Pseudevernia cladonia (Tuck.) Hale & W.L.Culb. (1966) – eastern North America; Dominican Republic
Pseudevernia confusa (Du Rietz) R.Schub. & Klem. (1966)
Pseudevernia consocians (Vain.) Hale & W.L.Culb. (1966) – North America
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (1903) – cosmopolitan
Pseudevernia intensa (Nyl.) Hale & W.L.Culb. (1966) – North America
Pseudevernia isidiophora (Zopf) Zopf (1903)
Pseudevernia mexicana Egan (2016)[6]
Pseudevernia soralifera (Bitter) Zopf (1903) – Europe
Some species once classified in Pseudevernia have since been reduced to synonymy with other species, or have been transferred to other genera. These include:
Pseudevernia cirrhata (Fr.) R.Schub. & Klem. (1966) is now known as Hypotrachyna cirrhata.[7]
Pseudevernia kamerunensis (J.Steiner) C.W.Dodge (1959) is now known as Hypotrachyna sorocheila.[8]
Pseudevernia molliuscula (Ach.) C.W.Dodge (1959) and Pseudevernia thamnidiella (Stirt.) C.W.Dodge (1959) are synonymous Xanthoparmelia molliuscula.[9][10]
Pseudevernia olivetorina (Zopf) Zopf (1903) and Pseudevernia ericetorum (Fr.) Zopf (1905) have been folded into synonymy with Pseudevernia furfuracea.[11]
Pseudevernia mauritiana (Gyeln.) C.W.Dodge (1959) is synonymous with Parmelia microblasta.[9]
Pseudevernia polita (Fr.) C.W.Dodge (1959) is now Parmotrema cetratum.[9]
Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that the North American species P. consocians and P. intensa do not form separate monophyletic groups, and so might be the same species.[4]
References
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
Calchera, Anjuli; Grande, Francesco Dal; Bode, Helge B.; Schmitt, Imke (2019). "Biosynthetic gene content of the 'perfume lichens' Evernia prunastri and Pseudevernia furfuracea". Molecules. 24 (1): e203. doi:10.3390/molecules24010203. PMC 6337363. PMID 30626017.
Zopf, Wilhelm (1903). "Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Flechten in Bezug auf ihre Stoffwechselprodukte". Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt (in German). 14: 95–126.
Divakar, Pradeep K.; Wei, Xin‐Li; McCune, Bruce; Cubas, Paloma; Boluda, Carlos G.; Leavitt, Steven D.; Crespo, Ana; Tchabanenko, Svetlana; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2019). "Parallel Miocene dispersal events explain the cosmopolitan distribution of the Hypogymnioid lichens". Journal of Biogeography. 46 (5): 945–955. doi:10.1111/jbi.13554. S2CID 132411296.
Hale 1968, p. 3.
Egan, Robert Shaw; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia (2016). "Pseudevernia in Mexico". In Herrera-Campos, Maria; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia; Nash III, Thomas H. (eds.). Lichens of Mexico. The Parmeliaceae – Keys, Distribution and Specimen Descriptions. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 110. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 437–448. ISBN 978-3-443-58089-6.
"Record Details: Pseudevernia cirrhata (Fr.) R. Schub. & Klem., Nova Hedwigia 11: 59 (1966)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
"Record Details: Pseudevernia kamerunensis (J. Steiner) C.W. Dodge, Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn 46: 182 (1959)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Hale 1968, p. 10.
"Record Details: Pseudevernia molliuscula (Ach.) C.W. Dodge, Ann. Mo. bot. Gdn 46(1-2): 183 (1959)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
"Record Details: Pseudevernia olivetorina (Zopf) Zopf, Beih. Botan. Centralbl., Abt. B 14: 125 (1903)". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Cited literature
Hale, Mason E. Jr. (1968). "A synopsis of the lichen genus Pseudevernia". The Bryologist. 71 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(1968)71[1:ASOTLG]2.0.CO;2.
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