Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Eurotiomycetes
Subclassis: Chaetothyriomycetidae
Ordo: Verrucariales
Familia: Verrucariaceae
Genus: Placopyrenium
Species: P. arbogense – P. bucekii – P. caeruleopulvinum – P. canellum – P. cinereoatratum – P. coloradoense – P. conforme – P. formosum – P. fuscellum – P. heppioides – P. insuetum – P. iranicum – P. lecideoides – P. noxium – P. rubescens – P. stanfordii – P. tatrense – P. trachyticum
Name
Placopyrenium Breuss, 1987
Type Species: Placopyrenium bucekii (Nádv. & Servít) Breuss, 1987
Family: Verrucariaceae
Life habit: Lichenized
References
Primary references
Breuss, Stud. Geobot. 7 (Suppl.): 182 (1987)
Breuss, O. (1987) Placopyrenium in Nimis, P.L. and Poelt, J. (eds.). The Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi of Sardinia (Italy); an Annotated List. Studia Geobotanica 7 (Supplement 1): 1–269)
Nimis, P.L. and Poelt, J. 1987: The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Sardinia (Italy): an annotated list. - Studia Geobotanica 7 (Supplement 1): 1–269. **[RLL List # 134 / Rec.# 13601] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
References
Breuss, O. (2002) Placopyrenium (pp. 394-397) In: Nash III, T.H.; Ryan, B.D.; Gries, C. and Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 532 pages. **[RLL List # 187 / Rec.# 23104] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Breuss, O. (2009) A synopsis of the lichen genus Placopyrenium (Verrucariaceae), with descriptions of new taxa and a key to all species. - In: Aptroot, A.; Seaward, M.R.D. and Sparrius, L.B.: Biodiversity and Ecology of Lichens. Liber Amicorum Harrie Sipman. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99 . J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin-Stuttgart, pp. 93-112. **[RLL List # 214 / Rec.# 30584] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (Band 99)
Links
Placopyrenium in Index Fungorum.
Placopyrenium in MycoBank.
Vernacular names
Placopyrenium is a genus of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichens in the family Verrucariaceae.[1]
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed in 1987 by the Austrian lichenologist Othmar Breuss. He assigned Placopyrenium bucekii as the type species.[2]
Description
The genus Placopyrenium is characterised by its epilithic (growing on rocks) thallus, which is thick and distinctly patterned, breaking into areoles (small, island-like sections) or squarrose-areolate (with scale-like, spreading areoles). These areoles have a unique shape, being noticeably narrowed at their base and extending into elongated stipes (stalks), which are ashen in colour on the upper surface due to a protective epinecral layer, while the underside is black. The thallus lacks rhizohyphae (root-like hyphae) and the stipes are directly attached to the substrate.[2]
The entire thallus is composed of cells that are either angular or rounded, measuring 5–10 μm in diameter, forming a structure that is nearly paraplectenchymatous, meaning the cells are closely packed together. The areolae's base and sides are enveloped in a carbonaceous (blackened) cortical layer, providing durability and protection.[2]
In terms of reproductive structures, Placopyrenium develops perithecia (fruiting bodies) within the thallus. These perithecia lack an involucrellum (an outer layer or envelope). The asci (spore-producing structures) within the perithecia are clavate, meaning they are shaped like a club. The spores produced in these asci are arranged in two rows (biseriate), and are either ellipsoidal or ovoid-oblong in shape. These spores are colourless and typically simple, although they are often uniseptate, meaning they have a single internal division (septum). Additionally, the genus produces short, rod-shaped conidia (asexual spores).[2]
Species
Placopyrenium ariyanense Moniri & Breuss (2017)[3] – Iran
Placopyrenium breussii Cl.Roux & Gueidan (2011)[4] – Europe
Placopyrenium bucekii (Nádv. & Servít) Breuss (1987)[5]
Placopyrenium bullatum Aptroot & Yazıcı (2012)[6] – Turkey
Placopyrenium caeruleopulvinum (J.W.Thomson) Breuss (2002)
Placopyrenium cinereoatratum (Degel.) Orange (2009)[7] – Europe
Placopyrenium coloradoense Breuss (2009)[8]
Placopyrenium conforme Breuss (2009)[8]
Placopyrenium formosum Orange (2009)[7] – Europe
Placopyrenium heppioides (Zahlbr.) Breuss (2002)
Placopyrenium insuetum Breuss (2000)[9]
Placopyrenium iranicum Breuss (2009)[8]
Placopyrenium stanfordii (Herre) K.Knudsen (2006)
Placopyrenium tatrense (Vězda) Breuss (1990)
Placopyrenium trachyticum (Hazsl.) Breuss (1987)
Placopyrenium zahlbruckneri (Hasse) Breuss (2002)
References
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
Nimis, P.L.; Poelt, J. (1987). "The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Sardinia (Italy)". Studia Geobotanica. 7 (S1): 182–183.
Breuss, O.; Haji Moniri, M. (2017). "A new Placopyrenium species (Ascomycota: Verrucariaceae) from Iran". Herzogia. 30 (1): 177–181.
Roux, C.; Gueidan, C. (2011). "Deux espèces nouvelles de Verrucariaceae des Pyrénées-Orientales (France): Placocarpus melanophthalmosus sp. nov. et Placopyrenium breussii sp. nov". Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence (in French). 14 (S): 163–176.
Menard, T.; Roux, C. (1995). "Placopyrenium bucekii and notes on Verrucariaceae (Verrucariales, Lichenes)". Mycotaxon. 53: 129–159.
Aptroot, André; Yazici, Kenan (2012). "A new Placopyrenium (Verrucariaceae) from Turkey". The Lichenologist. 44 (6): 739–741. doi:10.1017/S0024282912000382.
Orange, Alan (2009). "Two parasitic species of Placopyrenium (Verrucariaceae) from freshwater habitats in north-west Europe". The Lichenologist. 41 (2): 131–139. doi:10.1017/S002428290900841X.
Breuss, O. (2009). "A synopsis of the lichen genus Placopyrenium (Verrucariaceae), with descriptions of new taxa and a key to all species". In Aptroot, André; Seaward, Mark R.D.; Sparrius, Laurens B. (eds.). Biodiversity and ecology of lichens. Liber Amicorum Harrie Sipman. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 99. Stuttgart/Berlin: J. Cramer. pp. 93–112. ISBN 978-3-443-58078-0.
Breuss, Othmar (2000). "New taxa of pyrenocarpous lichens from the Sonoran Region". The Bryologist. 103 (4): 705–709. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0705:NTOPLF]2.0.CO;2.
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