Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Phyllopsora
Species: P. albicans – P. atrocarpa – P. bibula – P. borbonica – P. brakoae – P. breviuscula – P. buettneri – P. catervisorediata – P. chlorophaea – P. chodatinica – P. cinchonarum – P. cognata – P. confusa – P. conwayensis – P. corallina – P. cuyabensis – P. dolichospora – P. fendleri – P. foliata – P. foliatella – P. furfuracea – P. glabella – P. glaucella – P. glaucescens – P. haemophaea – P. halei – P. hispaniolae – P. homosekikaica – P. imshaugii – P. intermediella – P. isidiotyla – P. kalbii – P. kiiensis – P. labriformis – P. lacerata – P. leucophyllina – P. lividocarpa – P. longispora – P. longiuscula – †P. magna – P. malcolmii – P. martinii – P. mauritiana – P. mediocris – P. methoxymicareica – P. microdactyla – P. microphyllina – P. microsperma – P. minor – P. nemoralis – P. neofoliata – P. nigrocincta – P. ochroxantha – P. pannosa – P. parvifolia – P. parvifoliella – P. pertexta – P. phaeobyssina – P. pocsii – P. porphyromelaena – P. pyrrhomelaena – P. rappiana – P. rosei – P. santensis – P. soralifera – P. sorediata – P. subcrustacea – P. subhispidula – P. teretiuscula – P. thaleriza – P. tobagensis
Name
Phyllopsora Müll.Arg., 1894
Species not listed on Einar Timdal's List
Phyllopsora albicans
Phyllopsora glabella
Phyllopsora haemophaea
Phyllopsora pannosa
Phyllopsora thaleriza
Type: Phyllopsora breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll.Arg., 1894
Life habit: Lichenized, not lichenicolous.
Synonyms
Squamacidia Brako, Mycotaxon 35 (1): 6 (1989)
Triclinum Fée, Essai Crypt. Exot. (Paris) 1: 147 (1825) [1824]
References
The Phyllopsora site by Einar Timdal (Introduction | Description | Nomenclature | Names | Filter | Chemistry | Specimens | Papers |Photo Gallery)
Müll. Arg., Bull. Herb. Boissier 2 (Appendix1): 11 (1894)
Müller, J. (1894) Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae, quem elaboravit. Bull.Herb.Boissier 2: 1–114. (Mattick Rec.# 28825 - Literature on Lichens) (Biodiversity Heritage Library)
Brako, L. (1989) Reevaluation of the genus Phyllopsora with taxonomic notes and introduction of Squamacidia, gen. nov. Mycotaxon 35: 1–19. (RLL List # 138 / Rec. # 2235 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
Brako, L. (1991) Phyllopsora (Bacidiaceae). - Flora Neotropica, 55, New York Botanical Garden (for Organization for Flora Neotropica), Bronx, NY. 66 pp. (RLL List # 176 / Rec. # 2237 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Coppins, B.J. and James, P.W. (1979) New or interesting British lichens IV. Lichenologist 11: 139–179. (RLL List # 104-20 / Rec. # 3493 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (doi:10.1017/S0024282979000190)
Elix, J.A. (2006) Additional lichen records from Australia 56. - Australasian Lichenology 58: 4–13. (RLL List # 202 / Rec. # 28204 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Volume 58)
Elix, J.A. (2006) Five new species of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia. - Australasian Lichenology 59: 23–29. (RLL List # 204 / Rec. # 28591 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Volume 59)
Purvis, O.W. and Coppins, B.J. (1992) Phyllopsora (p. 466) In: Purvis, O.W., Coppins, B.J., Hawksworth, D.L., James, P.W. and Moore, D.M. (eds.) The Lichen Flora of Great Britain and Ireland. London: Natural History Museum Publication, 710 pp. (RLL List # 151 / Rec. # 15105 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Schneider, G. (1979) Die Flechtengattung Psora sensu Zahlbruckner. - Bibliotheca Lichenologica No. 13 . J. Cramer, Vaduz. 291 pp. (RLL List # 106-85 / Rec. # 16661 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Swinscow, T.D.V. and Krog, H. (1981) The genus Phyllopsora, with a report on East African species. Lichenologist 13: 203–247. (RLL List # 112-74 / Rec. # 18086 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (doi:10.1017/S0024282981000315)
Timdal, E. (2007) Phyllopsora (pp. 273-274) In: Nash III, T.H., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 3. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 567 pages. (RLL List # 210 / Rec. # 30392 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Timdal, E. (2008) Studies on Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Peru. - Lichenologist 40 (4): 337–362. (RLL List # 212 / Rec. # 30395 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (doi:10.1017/S0024282908007846)
Timdal, E. and Krog, H. (2001) Further studies on African species of the lichen genus Phyllopsora (Lecanorales). Mycotaxon 77: 57–89. (RLL List # 183 / Rec. # 22091 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
USDA Plants Database
North American Lichen Checklist, Version (#17) 16 May 2011
Index Fungorum
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Phyllopsora lichens; Lace-scale lichens
日本語: ウロコイボゴケ属
Phyllopsora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.[3]
The characteristics of a fossilized Phyllopsora, P. dominicana, found in Dominican amber, suggests that the main distinguishing features of the genus have remained unchanged for tens of millions of years.[4]
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed by the Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1894, with Phyllopsora breviuscula assigned as the type species.[5]
In 2019, a proposal was made to conserve the name Phyllopsora against the earlier names Triclinum and Crocynia.[6] This was due to Phyllopsora including species that are the types of these earlier generic names, which would have priority. The proposal argued that conserving Phyllopsora would be the least disruptive option, as taking up Triclinum would require 56 new combinations, while Crocynia included many species now considered to belong to other genera. In 2024, the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi recommended conservation of Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia, with 80% of the committee voting in favour.[7]
Description
The genus Phyllopsora is distinguished by its scale-like (squamulose) to almost leaf-like (foliose) body (thallus) that often has a distinct border (prothallus). Its reproductive structures, known as asci, have a unique feature: an amyloid dome and a narrow, cone-shaped central structure. The fruiting bodies (apothecia) of this genus are made up of highly gelatinized (jelly-like) fungal threads. These threads show no clear separation between the different structural layers of the apothecium, and this gelatinised texture is consistent throughout the central and marginal areas of the apothecium as well as in the supporting structures (paraphyses). The ascospores produced by Phyllopsora are small, with thin walls, and are typically not divided into separate compartments (rarely septate).[8]
Species
Phyllopsora isidiolyta
A: Phyllopsora africana; B: P. breviuscula C: P. buettneri
As of December 2023, Species Fungorum accepts 48 species of Phyllopsora:[9]
Phyllopsora amazonica Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
Phyllopsora atrocarpa Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
Phyllopsora buettneri (Müll.Arg.) Zahlbr. (1926)
Phyllopsora borbonica Timdal & Krog (2001)[12]
Phyllopsora breviuscula (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
Phyllopsora castaneocincta (Hue) Kistenich & Timdal (2019)
Phyllopsora catervisorediata G.K.Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka (2011)[13] – India
Phyllopsora chodatinica Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
Phyllopsora cinchonarum (Fée) Timdal (2008)[11]
Phyllopsora cognata (Nyl.) Timdal (2011)[15]
Phyllopsora concinna Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
Phyllopsora conwayensis Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
Phyllopsora corallina (Eschw.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
Phyllopsora dodongensis S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2020)[16] – South Korea
Phyllopsora dolichospora Timdal & Krog (2001)[12]
Phyllopsora dominicana Rikkinen (2008)[4]
Phyllopsora foliata (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1926)
Phyllopsora foliatella Elix (2006)[17] – Australia
Phyllopsora furfuracea (Pers.) Zahlbr. (1905)
Phyllopsora furfurella Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
Phyllopsora glaucella (Vain.) Timdal (2008)[11]
Phyllopsora glaucescens Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
Phyllopsora gossypina (Sw.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)
Phyllopsora himalayensis G.K.Mishra, Upreti & Nayaka (2011)[13] – India
Phyllopsora hispaniolae Timdal (2011)[15]
Phyllopsora homosekikaica Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
Phyllopsora imshaugii Timdal (2011)[15]
Phyllopsora isidiosa Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
Phyllopsora lividocarpa Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
Phyllopsora loekoesii S.Y.Kondr., Farkas, S.O.Oh & Hur (2016)[18]
Phyllopsora magna Kaasalainen, Rikkinen & A.R.Schmidt (2017)[19]
Phyllopsora methoxymicareica Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
Phyllopsora nemoralis Timdal & Krog (2001)[12]
Phyllopsora neofoliata Elix (2006)[14] – Australia
Phyllopsora neotinica Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[10]
Phyllopsora nigrocincta Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
Phyllopsora parvifolia (Pers.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
Phyllopsora phaeobyssina (Vain.) Timdal (2011)[15]
Phyllopsora pocsii Vězda (2003)
Phyllopsora pseudocorallina Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[20] – Asia; Africa
Phyllopsora pyxinoides (Nyl.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)
Phyllopsora rappiana (Brako) Elix (2006)[17] – Australia
Phyllopsora rosei Coppins & P.James (1979)[21] – Europe
Phyllopsora sabahana Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[20] – Malaysia
Phyllopsora siamensis Kistenich & Timdal (2019)[20] – Thailand
Phyllopsora soralifera Timdal (2008)[11] – Peru
Phyllopsora subhyalina (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1926)
Phyllopsora swinscowii Timdal & Krog (2001)[12]
Phyllopsora teretiuscula Timdal (2011)[15]
Phyllopsora tobagensis Timdal (2011)[15]
References
"Synonymy: Phyllopsora Müll. Arg". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
Fée, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire (1825). Essai sur les cryptogames des écorces exotiques officinales (in French). Paris: Firmin Didot père et fils. p. 146; plate 33.4.
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
Rikkinen, Jouko; Poinar, George O. (2008). "A new species of Phyllopsora (Lecanorales, lichen-forming Ascomycota) from Dominican amber, with remarks on the fossil history of lichens". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (5): 1007–1011. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern004. PMID 18319239.
Müller, J. (1894). "Conspectus systematicus lichenum Novae Zelandiae". Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier (in Latin). 2 (App. 1): 1–114.
Kistenich, Sonja; Ekman, Stefan; Bendiksby, Mika; Timdal, Einar (2019). "(2687) Proposal to conserve the name Phyllopsora against Triclinum and Crocynia (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 68 (3): 590–592. doi:10.1002/tax.12075.
May, Tom W. (2024). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 24". Taxon. 73 (2): 622–630. doi:10.1002/tax.13148.
Brako, Lois (1991). Phyllopsora (Bacidiaceae). Flora Neotropica. Vol. 55. New York Botanical Garden Press. pp. 1–66. JSTOR 4393825.
Species Fungorum. "Phyllopsora". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
Kistenich, Sonja; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan; Cáceres, Marcela E. S.; Hernández M., Jesús E.; Timdal, Einar (2019). "Towards an integrative taxonomy of Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae)". The Lichenologist. 51 (4): 323–392. doi:10.1017/s0024282919000252.
Timdal, Einar (2008). "Studies on Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Peru". The Lichenologist. 40 (4): 337–362. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007846.
Timdal, E.; Krog, H. (2001). "Further studies on African species of the lichen genus Phyllopsora (Lecanorales)". Mycotaxon. 77: 57–89.
Mishra, G.K.; Upreti, D.K.; Nayaka, S.; Haridas, B. (2011). "New taxa and new reports of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycotina) from India". Mycotaxon. 115: 29–44. doi:10.5248/115.29.
Elix, J.A. (2006). "Five new species of Phyllopsora (lichenized Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 59: 23–29.
Timdal, E. (2011). "The lichen genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in the West Indies". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 106: 319–351.
Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Upreti, D.K.; Mishra, G.K.; Nayaka, S.; Ingle, K. K.; Orlov, O.O.; Kondratiuk, A. S.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Woo, J.-J.; Hur, J.-S. (2020). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 10" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 62 (1–2): 69–108. doi:10.1556/034.62.2020.1-2.6.
Elix, J.A. (2006). "Additional lichen records from Australia 56". Australasian Lichenology. 58: 4–13.
Kondratyuk, S. Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J. P.; Upreti, D. K.; Mishra, G. K.; Haji Moniri, M.; Farkas, E.; Park, J. S.; Lee, B. G.; Liu, D.; Woo, J.-J.; Jayalal, R. G. U.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2016). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 5" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 58 (3–4): 319–396 [349]. doi:10.1556/ABot.58.2016.3-4.7.
Kaasalainen, U.; Heinrichs, J.; Renner, M.A.M.; Hedenäs, L.; Schäfer-Verwimp, A.; Lee, G.E.; Ignatov, M.S.; Rikkinen, J.; Schmidt, A.R. (2017). "A Caribbean epiphyte community preserved in Miocene Dominican amber". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 107 (2–3): 321–331. doi:10.1017/S175569101700010X. hdl:10138/234078.
Kistenich, Sonja; Bendiksby, Mika; Vairappan, Charles S.; Weerakoon, Gothamie; Wijesundara, Siril; Wolseley, Patricia A.; Timdal, Einar (2019). "A regional study of the genus Phyllopsora (Ramalinaceae) in Asia and Melanesia". MycoKeys (53): 23–72. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.53.33425. PMC 6551344. PMID 31191113.
Coppins, B.J.; James, P.W. (1979). "New or interesting British lichens IV". The Lichenologist. 11 (2): 139–179. doi:10.1017/s0024282979000190.
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