Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Parmeliaceae
SubFamilia: Parmelioideae
Genus: Myelochroa
Species: M. amagiensis – M. aurulenta – M. crassata – M. crenulata – M. degelii – M. denegans – M. entotheiochroa – M. galbina – M. hayachinensis – M. immiscens – M. indica – M. irrugans – M. leucotyliza – M. macrogalbinica – M. metarevoluta – M. nothofagi – M. obsessa – M. perisidians – M. radiculata – M. rhytidodes – M. salazinica – M. sayanensis – M. siamea – M. sibirica – M. sikkimensis – M. sinica – M. subaurulenta – M. supraflava – M. upretii – M. xantholepis
Name
Myelochroa (Asahina) Elix & Hale, 1987
Typification Details: Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale 1987
Basionym: Parmelia subsect. Myelochroa Asahina 1952
References
Elix, J.A. and Hale, M.E. (1987) Canomaculina, Myelochroa, Parmelinella, Parmelinopsis and Parmotremopsis, five new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina). - Mycotaxon 29: 233–244. (RLL List # 131 / Rec.# 4905 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Myelochroa (pp. 447-449) In, Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. (RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22465 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (The Book)
Divakar, P.K.; Upreti, D.K. and Elix, J.A. (2001) New species and new records in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from India. - Mycotaxon 80: 355–362. (RLL List # 186 / Rec.# 22829 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
Divakar, P.K.; Upreti, D.K.; Sinha, G.P. and Elix, J.A. (2001) A new species of Myelochroa and new records in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from Sikkim, India. - Mycotaxon 79: 247–251. (RLL List # 185 / Rec.# 22638 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
Flenniken, D. (1999) Myelochroa (Asah.) Elix & Hale (pp. 143-146) In The Macrolichens In West Virginia, 231 pages, 26 plates. (Published by D. Flenniken, 2273 Blachleyville Rd, Wooster, Ohio 44691) (RLL List # 175 / Rec.# 5723 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Hinds, J.W. and Hinds, P.L. (2007) Myelochroa Elix & Hale, 1987 (pp. 322-325) In, The Macrolichens of New England. - Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden No. 96. New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, New York. 584 pp. (RLL List # 210 / Rec.# 30032 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Kurokawa, S. (1998) A new record and a new species in Myelochroa (Parmeliaceae). - Journal of Japanese Botany 73: 12–14. (RLL List # 172 / Rec.# 10717 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Marcelli, M.P. and Canêz, L.S. (2008) Novelties on Southern Brazilian Parmeliaceae. Mycotaxon 105: 225–234. (RLL List # 213 / Rec.# 31208 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
Otnyukova, T.N.; Stepanov, N.V.and Elix, J.A. (2009) Three new species of Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Siberia. - Mycotaxon 108: 249–256. (RLL List # 215 / Rec.# 31327 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Thomson, J.W. (2003) Myelochroa Elix & Hale (pp. 151-152) In, Lichens of Wisconsin. Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 386 pages. (RLL List # 190 / Rec.# 24161 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Wang, S.-L.; Chen, J.-bin. and Elix, J.A. (2001) Two new species of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from China. - Mycotaxon 77: 25–30. (RLL List # 183 / Rec.# 22090 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
USDA Plants Database
Index Fungorum
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Axil-bristle lichens, Myelochroa lichens
Myelochroa is a genus of foliose lichens in the family Parmeliaceae. They are commonly known as axil-bristle lichens. It was created in 1987 to contain species formerly placed in genus Parmelina that had a yellow-orange medulla due to the presence of secalonic acids. Characteristics of the genus include tightly attached thalli with narrow lobes, cilia on the axils, and a rhizinate black lower surface. Chemical characteristics are the production of zeorin and related triterpenoids in the medulla. Myelochroa contains about 30 species, most of which grow on bark. The genus has centres of distribution in Asia and North America.
Taxonomy
Myelochroa was originally circumscribed by Yasuhiko Asahina as a subsection of section Hypotrachyna in genus Parmelia.[1] This taxon was later raised to sectional status by Hale in 1976.[2] It was promoted to generic status in 1987 by John Elix and Mason Hale. Nineteen species were originally placed in Myelochroa, including the type species, M. aurulenta.[3]
Myelochroa species are commonly known as "axil-bristle lichens".[4]
Description
Myelochroa lichens are small- to medium-sized foliose lichens. Their thalli comprises somewhat linear to irregularly shaped lobes. The lobes have simple (unbranched), slender, black cilia on the margin, sparsely or densely distributed. These are sometimes confined to lobe axils, other times they are more evenly distributed. The upper surface of the thallus is grey, or blue-grey, sometimes with a yellow tinge; this yellowish colour, if present, is more likely to be under the apothecia or close to the algal layer. The medulla is yellow-orange. The lower thallus surface is black and covered with mostly unbranched rhizines. The apothecia are lecanorine, with a reddish-brown cup that lacks perforations. The ascospores, which number eight per ascus, are simple, ellipsoid, colourless, and measure 5–8 by 8–14 μm.[3][4]
The upper cortex contains the lichen acids atranorin, chloroatranorin, and secalonic acid. The medulla contains hopane triterpene compounds such as zeorin and leucotylic acid as well as secalonic acid A. The presence of these triterpenes distinguishes this genus from Parmelina, and its segregate genera, including Parmelinella, and Parmelinopsis.[3] secalonic acid A is a yellow pigment that reacts C+ yellow and K+ yellow with lichen spot tests.[4]
Habitat and distribution
Most Myelochroa lichens are corticolous. They are largely found in temperate locations, with centre of distribution in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Twelve species of Myelochroa are found in South Korea.[5] The type species, Myelochroa aurulenta, is found throughout the world in temperate forests.[3]
Species
The rock axil-bristle lichen, Myelochroa obsessa
The smooth axil-bristle lichen, Myelochroa galbina, with prominent apothecia
Myelochroa amagiensis (Asahina) Elix & Hale (1987)
Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale (1987) – widespread
Myelochroa coreana Y.S.Park (1990)[6] – South Korea; Malaysia
Myelochroa crassata (Hale) Elix & Hale (1987)
Myelochroa crenulata (J.C.Wei) Hale ex DePriest & B.W.Hale (1998)[7]
Myelochroa degelii (Hale) Elix & Hale (1987)
Myelochroa denegans (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (1987) – Asia; Australia
Myelochroa entotheiochroa (Hue) Elix & Hale (1987) – Asia
Myelochroa galbina (Ach.) Elix & Hale (1987) – Asia; North America
Myelochroa hayachinensis (Kurok.) Elix & Hale (1987) – Jeju Island
Myelochroa ibukiensis K.H.Moon, Kashiw. & Keis. Kobay. (2013)[8] – Japan
Myelochroa immiscens (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (1987)
Myelochroa indica (Hale) Elix & Hale (1987) – India
Myelochroa irrugans (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (1987) – Asia
Myelochroa leucotyliza (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (1987) – Asia
Myelochroa macrogalbinica Divakar, Upreti & Elix (2001)[9] – India
Myelochroa metarevoluta (Asahina) Elix & Hale (1987) – Asia; USA
Myelochroa nothofagi Elix (1996)[10]
Myelochroa obsessa (Ach.) Elix & Hale (1987)
Myelochroa perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (1987) – Asia
Myelochroa radiculata (Kurok.) Divakar & A.Crespo (2010)[11]
Myelochroa rhytidodes (Hale) Elix & Hale (1987)
Myelochroa salazinica Sheng L.Wang, J.B.Chen & Elix (2001)[12] – China
Myelochroa sayanensis Otnyukova, Stepanov & Elix (2009)[13] – Siberia
Myelochroa siamea Kurok. (1998)[14] – Thailand
Myelochroa sibirica Otnyukova, Stepanov & Elix (2009)[13] – Siberia
Myelochroa sikkimensis Divakar, Upreti, G.P.Sinha & Elix (2001)[9] – India
Myelochroa sinica Sheng L.Wang, J.B.Chen & Elix (2001)[12] – China
Myelochroa subaurulenta (Nyl.) Elix & Hale (1987)
Myelochroa supraflava Canêz & Marcelli (2008)[15] – Brazil
Myelochroa upretii Divakar & Elix (2001)[9] – India
Myelochroa xantholepis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale (1987) – Asia
The taxon once known as Myelochroa lindmanii (Lynge) Elix & Hale (1987) has been analysed molecularly and shown to belong to the genus Parmelinella.[16]
References
Asahina, Yasuhiko (1952). Lichens of Japan, II: Genus Parmelia. Tokyo: Research Institute for Natural Resources. p. 74.
Hale, Jr., Mason E. (1976). "A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 33: 15.
Elix, John A.; Hale, Mason E. (1987). "Canomaculina, Myelochroa, Parmelinella, Parmelinopsis and Parmotremopsis, five new genera in the Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon. 29: 233–244.
Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 447. ISBN 978-0300082494.
Jayalal, Udeni; Joshi, Santosh; Oh, Soon-Ok; Koh, Young Jin; Hur, Jae-Seoun (2018). "A taxonomic study of the genus Myelochroa in South Korea". Mycobiology. 40 (4): 217–224. doi:10.5941/MYCO.2012.40.4.217. PMC 3538967. PMID 23323045. Open access icon
Park; Yun Sil (1990). "The macrolichen flora of South Korea". The Bryologist. 93 (2): 105–160. doi:10.2307/3243619. JSTOR 3243619.
DePriest, Paula T.; Hale, Beatrice Wilde (1998). "New combinations in parmelioid genera (Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae)". Mycotaxon. 67: 201–206.
Moon, K.H; Kashiwadani, H; Kobayashi, K. (2013). "A new species of Myelochroa (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales) from Shiga Prefecture, Central Japan". Journal of Japanese Botany. 88: 140–143.
Divakar, P.K.; Upreti, D.K.; Elix, John A. (2001). "New species and new records in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from India". Mycotaxon. 80: 355–362.
Elix, John A. (1996). "New species in the lichen family Parmeliaceae (Ascomycotina) from Australasia and Oceania". Mycotaxon. 59: 407–417.
Crespo, Ana; Kauff, Frank; Divakar, Pradeep K.; del Prado, Ruth; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; de Paz, Guillermo Amo; et al. (2010). "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence". Taxon. 59 (6): 1735–1753. doi:10.1002/tax.596008.
Wang, Sheng-Lan; Chen, Jian Bin; Elix, John A. (2001). "Two new species of the lichen genus Myelochroa (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) from China". Mycotaxon. 77: 25–30.
Otnyukova, Tatyana N.; Stepanov, Nikolay V.; Elix, John A. (2009). "Three new species of Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) from Siberia". Mycotaxon. 108 (1): 249–256. doi:10.5248/108.249. hdl:1885/50596. S2CID 85913429.
Kurokawa, S. (1998). "A new record and a new species in Myelochroa (Parmeliaceae)" (PDF). Journal of Japanese Botany. 73 (1): 12–14.
Marcelli, Marcelo P.; Canêz, Luciana S. (2008). "Novelties on Southern Brazilian Parmeliaceae". Mycotaxon. 105: 225–234.
Rodrigues, Andressa S.; Canêz, Luciana S.; Lorenz, Aline P. (2021). "Canoparmelia amazonica, Myelochroa lindmanii and Parmelinella salacinifera belong to Parmelinella (Parmeliaceae)". The Bryologist. 124 (3): 352–361. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-124.3.352. S2CID 237773315.
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