Taxonavigation: Phallales
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Basidiomycota
Subdivisio: Agaricomycotina
Classis: Agaricomycetes
Subclassis: Phallomycetidae
Ordo: Phallales
Familia: Phallaceae
Genus: Mutinus
Species: Mutinus elegans
Name
Mutinus elegans (Montagne) E. Fisch. Syll. Fung. 7: 13. 1888
Synonyms
Caromyxa elegans Mont. (1856)
Caryomyxa elegans Mont. (1856)
Corynites elegans Mont. (1856, Basionym)
Vernacular names
English: Elegant stinkhorn, Dog stinkhorn, Devil's dipstick
français: Satyre élégant, Phalle élégant
日本語: タヌキノベニエフデ, 狸紅絵筆
Distribution
North America (Quebec to Florida and west to the Great Lakes, Iowa and Texas)
Europe (The Netherlands)
Asia (Japan)
References
Primary references
Montagne, J.F.C. 1856. Sylloge generum specierumque cryptogamarum quas in variis operibus descriptas iconibusque illustratas, nunc ad diagnosim reductas, nonnullasque novas interjectas, ordine systematico disposuit.: [I]–XXIV + 1–498. J.-B. Baillière, Paris. BHL Reference page. [see page 281]
E. Fisch. Syll. Fung. 7: 13. 1888. BHL
Mutinus elegans, commonly known as the elegant stinkhorn,[2] the dog stinkhorn, the headless stinkhorn, or the devil's dipstick, is a species of fungus in the Phallaceae (stinkhorn) family. The fruit body begins its development in an "egg" form, resembling somewhat a puffball partially submerged in the ground. As the fungus matures, a slender orange to pink colored stalk emerges that tapers evenly to a pointed tip. The stalk is covered with a foul-smelling slimy green spore mass on the upper third of its length. Flies and other insects feed upon the slime which contains the spores, assisting in their dispersal.
A saprobic species, it is typically found growing on the ground singly or in small groups on woody debris or leaf litter, during summer and autumn in Japan, Europe, and eastern North America. Due to their repellent odor, mature specimens are not generally considered edible, although there are reports of the immature "eggs" being consumed. In the laboratory, Mutinus elegans has been shown to inhibit the growth of several microorganisms that can be pathogenic to humans.
Taxonomy
Mutinus elegans was first described by British missionary John Banister in 1679 who chronicled the natural history of Virginia; this early report is thought to be the first account of a fungus in North America.[3] It was first characterized scientifically by French scientist Jean Pierre François Camille Montagne in 1856, who called it Corynites elegans.[4]
The genus name Mutinus refers to the Roman phallic deity Mutunus Tutunus, one of the di indigetes placated by Roman brides.[5] The species is commonly known variously as the "elegant stinkhorn",[6] the "headless stinkhorn",[7] the "dog stinkhorn",[8] or the "devil's dipstick".[5] The specific epithet elegans is derived from the Latin word meaning "graceful" or "elegant".[9]
Description
The young fruiting bodies are initially white and spherical or egg-shaped, partially submerged in the ground, with dimensions of 2 to 3 cm (3⁄4 to 1+1⁄4 in) by 1 to 2 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in). As the fruit body matures, the egg ruptures and the spongy spore-bearing stalk emerges; fully grown, it may be from 1 to 15 cm (1⁄2 to 6 in) long and 1.5 to 2 cm (1⁄2 to 3⁄4 in) thick.[10] The stalk is hollow and strongly wrinkled overall; its shape is cylindrical below, but it gradually tapers to a narrow apex with a small opening at the tip. The upper half of the stalk is bright red to reddish orange, and the color gradually loses intensity transforming into pinkish white below. The stalk may be straight, or slightly curved.[11] A gelatinous greenish-brown gleba covers the upper third of the stalk in newly emerged specimens.[7] The remains of the "egg" forms a volva around the base of the stalk.[10] The odor of the gleba is foul; one author describes it as "sickly sweet or metallic".[12] The spores are a greenish-brown color.[7] Fruit bodies are attached to the substrate by whitish rhizomorphs that resemble plant roots.[9] American mycologist Alexander H. Smith noted that the eggs are often slow to open, sometimes taking up to two weeks before the stalk expands.[10]
The spores are 4–7 by 2–3 μm, oblong-elliptical, smooth, and embedded in the gleba.[9] A 1982 study revealed that spores of species in the family Phallaceae, including Mutinus elegans, have a hilar scar (0.2–0.3 μm diameter) that is observable with scanning electron microscopy. The hilar scar is a circular indentation at one end of the spore, and it most likely results during the separation of the attachment of the spore to the sterigma of the basidium.[13]
Specimen from Florida, US
Specimen from Florida, US
Beetles feeding on a specimen in Virginia
Beetles feeding on a specimen in Virginia
M. caninus, which has less of the stalk covered with gleba, and a fused tip with no small opening
Similar species
The "dog stinkhorn" (Mutinus caninus) is less common,[5] smaller, has a distinct oval or spindle-shaped tip on a slender stem and lacks the bright coloring of M. elegans; it has less of the stalk covered by gleba.[14] The portion of the stalk below the spore mass is pitted in M. caninus, compared to "pebbly" in M. elegans.[14] Mutinus bambusinus is similar in size and shape, except it does not have a distinct color demarcation between the upper and lower parts of the stalk; instead, the entire stem shows red pigments. The stalk of M. ravenelii is less tapered than M. elegans, and it has a clearly differentiated swollen head.[15]
The normally pinkish Phallus rubicundus and the orangish P. rugulosus both have conical caps.[15]
Habitat and distribution
Mutinus elegans is saprobic—deriving nutrients by breaking down dead or dying organic matter. It is commonly found in gardens and farm areas enriched with manure,[7] near well-decayed stumps and logs, and in wood chips.[9] A Japanese publication mentioned its occurrence in Takatsuki and Osaka-fu, where it fruited in November and December on the ground along paths or in open spaces, under or near bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) and hardwoods such as the sawtooth oak, the Japanese Zelkova, and the Camphor tree.[16]
This common species has been collected in eastern North America,[5] in the area extending from Quebec to Florida and west to the Great Lakes,[12] Iowa,[17] Colorado, and Texas.[18] In Europe, it has been reported from Netherlands[19] and in Asia, it has been collected in Japan.[16]
Uses
The immature egg-forms of M. elegans are edible,[5] but "not recommended".[6] One field guides notes that the eggs of the stinkhorn fungi "taste like the seasonings that are added to them."[20] The fetid odor of mature specimens would probably be repellent to most, although they are not considered poisonous.[14]
Antibiotic activity
A study of 32 basidiomycete mushrooms showed that Mutinus elegans was the only species to show antibiotic (both antibacterial and antifungal) activity against all six microorganisms tested, namely, the human pathogenic bacterias Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and the yeast Candida albicans.[21][22]
References
Mont., Sylloge generum specierumque plantarum cryptogamarum: 281 (1856)
"Standardized Common Names for Wild Species in Canada". National General Status Working Group. 2020.
Petersen RH. (2001). New World Botany: Columbus to Darwin. Koeltz Scientific Books. p. 208. ISBN 978-3-904144-75-9.
Montage JFC. (1856). Sylloge generum specierumque cryptogamarum (in Latin). p. 281.
Arora D (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 771. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
Phillips R. "Mutinus elegans". Roger's Mushrooms. Rogers Plants. Archived from the original on 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
Hemmes DE, Desjardin D (2002). Mushrooms of Hawai'i: An Identification Guide. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-58008-339-3.
Emberger G. (2008). "Mutinus elegans". Fungi Growing on Wood. Messiah College. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 414. ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.
Smith AH. (1951). Puffballs and their Allies in Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 31.
Kuo M (2006). "Mutinus elegans, M. caninus, & M. ravenelii". MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
Foy N, Phillips R, Kibby G (1991). Mushrooms of North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Little, Brown. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-316-70613-1.
Burk WR, Flegler SL, Hess WM (1982). "Ultrastructural studies of Clathraceae and Phallaceae (Gasteromycetes) spores". Mycologia. 74 (1): 166–68. doi:10.2307/3792646. JSTOR 3792646.
Hall IR. (2003). Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-88192-586-9.
Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
Guez D, Nagasawa E (2000). "Mutinus elegans (Gasteromycetes, Phallaceae) new to Japan". Nippon Kingakukai Kaiho (in Japanese). 41: 75–8.
Martin GW. (1929). "Notes on Iowa Fungi—1928". Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences. 36: 127–30.
Metzler S&V. (1992). Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-292-75126-2.
Dam M, Dam N (2004). "Mutinus elegans re-encountered after 15 years". Coolia (in Dutch). 47 (4): 218.
Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 476. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
Bianco Coletto MA, Lelli P (1998–99). "Antibiotic activity in Basidiomycetes. XII. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of 32 new strains". Allionia (Turin). 36: 89–92.
Bianco Coletto MAB. (2006). "Antibiotic activity in Basidiomycetes. XIV. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of some new recently isolated strains". Allionia (Turin). 40: 33–7.
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