Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Ramalinaceae
Genus: Megalaria
Species: M. albocincta – M. allantoidea – M. allenae – M. anaglyptica – M. beechingii – M. bengalensis – M. brodoana – M. bryophila – M. columbiana – M. endochroma – M. granulosa – M. grossa – M. intermiscens – M. intermixta – M. isidiza – M. jemtlandica – M. laureri – M. leptocheila – M. leucochlora – M. macrospora – M. maculosa – M. melaloma – M. melanopotamica – M. melanotropa – M. obludens – M. ochraceonigra – M. orokonuiana – M. pannosa – M. phaeolomiza – M. pulverea – M. semipallida – M. spodophana – M. subcarnea – M. sublivens – M. subtasmanica – M. trachonoides – M. variegata – M. versicolor – M. yunnanensis
Name
Megalaria Hafellner, 1984
Type Species: Megalaria grossa (Pers. ex Nyl.) Hafellner, 1984
Synonyms
Catillochroma Kalb, Biblthca Lichenol. 95: 298 (2007)
Lopezaria Kalb & Hafellner, 1990 (Kalb 1990)
References
Hafellner, Nova Hedwigia, Beih. 79: 302 (1984)
Hafellner, J. (1984) Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae. - In: H. Hertel & F. Oberwinkler (eds.): Beitrage zur Lichenologie. Festscrift J. Poelt. Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia 79. J. Cramer, Vaduz, pp. 241-371. (RLL List # 123-40 / Rec. # 7251 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Lücking, R.; Seavey, F.; Common, R.S.; Beeching, S.Q.; Breuss, O.; Buck, W.R.; Crane, L.; Hodges, M.; Hodkinson, B.P.; Lay, E.; Lendemer, J.C.; McMullin, R.T.; Mercado-Díaz, J.A.; Nelsen, M.P.; Rivas Plata, E.; Safranek, W.; Sanders, W.B.; Schaefer, H.P., Jr. and Seavey, J. (2011) The Lichens of Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park, Florida: Proceedings from the 18th Tuckerman Workshop. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 49: 127–186. (Complete article) (Discussion of Catillochroma endochroma: page 157)
Nimis, P.L. (1993) The Lichens of Italy. - Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino. 897 pp. (RLL List # 153 / Rec. # 13629 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Brodo, I.M.; Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Megalaria (pp. 426-427) In, Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. (RLL List # 184 / Rec. # 22465 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Ekman, S. and Tønsberg, T. (1996) A new species of Megalaria from the North American west coast, and notes on the generic circumscription. - The Bryologist 99(1): 34–40. (RLL List # 162 / Rec. # 4789 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (JSTOR)
Fryday, A.M. and Lendemer, J.C. (2010) Reassessment of the genus Catillochroma (lichenized Ascomycota, Ramalinaceae). The Lichenologist 42(5): 587–600. (RLL List # 220 / Rec. # 31862 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (DOI: 10.1017/S0024282910000320)
Kalb, K. (1990) Lichenes Neotropici ausgegeben von Klaus Kalb. Fascikel XI (NO. 451-475) gewidmet Frau Prof. Dr. Aino Henssen zu ihrem 65. Geburtstage. Neumarkt/OPf. 12 April 1990. (RLL List # / Rec. # 9678 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Kalb, K. (2007) New or otherwise interesting lichens. - In: Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.: Lichenological Contributions in Honour of David Galloway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 95. J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin-Stuttgart, pp. 297-316. (RLL List # 207 / Rec. # 28822 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
USDA Plants Database
North American Lichen Checklist, Version (#17) 16 May 2011
Index Fungorum
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Dot lichens, Megalaria lichens
Megalaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Ramalinaceae.[2] It contains 44 species of crustose lichens, the majority of which grow on bark.
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed by Austrian lichenologist Josef Hafellner in 1984, with Megalaria grossa assigned as the type species.[3]
The genus Catillochroma has been synonymised with Megalaria by Alan Fryday and James Lendemer (2010) due to similar morphological characteristics.[4] While this synonymisation has been debated, recent molecular phylogenetics studies support a broader circumscription of Megalaria that includes Catillochroma, pending further research with expanded taxon sampling.[5]
Description
Megalaria lichens have a crustose thallus (lichen body), which means it forms a crust-like layer that adheres closely to the substrate. The thallus lacks a distinct outer cortex, and its surface can range from smooth and continuous to granular in texture. The lichen's primary photosynthetic partner, or photobiont, is typically from the genus Dictyochloropsis, though other single-celled algae may also be involved.[6]
The fruiting bodies, or ascomata, of Megalaria are sessile apothecia, meaning they are directly attached to the thallus without a stalk. These apothecia are relatively large and black, and they do not have a margin formed from the thallus (known as a thalline margin). Instead, the edge of the apothecium is made up of the true exciple, which is a layer of hyphae (fungal filaments) arranged in a vertical or anticlinal manner. These hyphae are coated in a thick gel. The hymenium (the spore-producing tissue) of the apothecia is generally colourless to pale brown, while the upper layer, called the epithecium, contains pigments that turn from greenish to dark purple when treated with potassium hydroxide solution (K+). The layer beneath the hymenium, the hypothecium, often shares this greenish to purple colouration, though it can sometimes appear pale.[6]
The interior of the apothecia, or hamathecium, contains numerous slender paraphyses, which are thread-like sterile cells that can be either unbranched or slightly branched. Their tips are club-shaped, but they lack the dark caps sometimes seen in other lichens. The asci (spore-producing sacs) are typically cylindrical to club-shaped and contain between two to eight spores. These asci are of the Lecanora-, Bacidia-, or Biatora-type, which means they feature a broad, non-reactive (non-amyloid) apical cushion and a distinct ocular chamber.[6]
The spores produced by Megalaria are generally ellipsoidal in shape, divided by one internal septum (1-septate), colourless, and smooth with thick walls. Unlike some other lichen spores, they do not have a distinct outer sheath. In addition to its sexual reproductive structures, Megalaria also produces asexual spores, or conidia, in structures called pycnidia. These conidia are colourless and can be ellipsoidal to cylindrical in shape.[6]
Chemical spot tests generally do not detect any products in Megalaria species, although some species can produce secondary metabolites such as atranorin, zeorin, and fumarprotocetraric acid.[6]
Species
As of October 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 44 species of Megalaria.[2]
Megalaria allantoidea Fryday (2007)[7] – Kerguelen Islands
Megalaria anaglyptica (Kremp.) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria bengalensis Jagad.Ram, Aptroot, G.P.Sinha & Kr.P.Singh (2007)[8] – India
Megalaria bryophila (Müll.Arg.) Elix (2012)
Megalaria endochroma (Fée) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria grossa (Pers. ex Nyl.) Hafellner (1984)
Megalaria hafellneriana Kantvilas (2016)[9] – Tasmania
Megalaria imshaugii Fryday (2004)[10]
Megalaria insularis P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2018)[11] – Australia
Megalaria intermiscens (Nyl.) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria intermixta (Nyl.) Kalb (2007)
Megalaria jemtlandica (Th.Fr. & Almq.) Fryday (2004)
Megalaria laureri (Hepp ex Th.Fr.) Hafellner (1993)
Megalaria leptocheila (Tuck.) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria leucochlora (Mont.) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria macrospora Fryday (2004)
Megalaria maculosa (Stirt.) D.J.Galloway (2004)
Megalaria melaloma (Zahlbr.) Kantvilas (2008)
Megalaria melanopotamica (I.M.Lamb) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria montana P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2016)[12] – Australia
Megalaria obludens (Nyl.) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria ochraceonigra (Räsänen) Kalb (2007)
Megalaria orokonuiana Fryday & A.Knight (2012)[13] – New Zealand
Megalaria pannosa (Zahlbr.) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria phaeolomiza (I.M.Lamb) Fryday & Lendemer (2010)
Megalaria planocarpa Kantvilas (2016)[9] – Tasmania
Megalaria pulverea (Borrer) Hafellner & E.Schreiner (1992)
Megalaria semipallida (Nyl. ex C.Knight) D.J.Galloway (2004)
Megalaria spodophana (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway (2004)
Megalaria subcarnea (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (2004)
Megalaria subintermixta (Müll.Arg.) Kantvilas (2016)
Megalaria sublivens (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway (2004)
Megalaria subtasmanica Kantvilas (2008)[14] – Tasmania
Megalaria variegata (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway (2004)
References
"Synonymy. Current Name: Megalaria Hafellner, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 79: 302 (1984)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
"Megalaria". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
Hafellner, J. "Studien in Richtung einer natürlichen Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoracae und Lecideaceae". Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia (in German). 79: 241–371.
Fryday, Alan M.; Lendemer, James C. (2010). "Reassessment of the genus Catillochroma (lichenized Ascomycota,Ramalinaceae)". The Lichenologist. 42 (5): 587–600. doi:10.1017/s0024282910000320.
Kistenich, Sonja; Timdal, Einar; Bendiksby, Mika; Ekman, Stefan (2018). "Molecular systematics and character evolution in the lichen family Ramalinaceae (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Taxon. 67 (5): 871–904. doi:10.12705/675.1.
Cannon, P.; Ekman, S.; Kistenich, S.; LaGreca, S.; Printzen, C.; Timdal, E.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Fletcher, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2023). Lecanorales: Ramalinaceae [revision 1], including the genera Bacidia, Bacidina, Bellicidia, Biatora, Bibbya, Bilimbia, Cliostomum, Kiliasia, Lecania, Megalaria, Mycobilimbia, Phyllopsora, Ramalina, Scutula, Thalloidima, Toninia, Toniniopsis and Tylothallia (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 35. p. 47. Open access icon
Fryday, A.M. (2007). "A new species of Megalaria from Îles Kerguelen in the southern Indian Ocean". The Lichenologist. 39 (4): 371–375. doi:10.1017/S0024282907007025.
Jagadeesh Ram, T.A.M.; Aptroot, A.; Sinha, G.P.; Singh, K.P. (2007). "A new isidiate Megalaria species and new records of lichenized, lichenicolous and non-lichenized ascomycetes from India". Nova Hedwigia. 85 (1–2): 139–144. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2007/0085-0139.
Kantvilas, G. (2016). "Further observations on the lichen genus Megalaria in Tasmania: some species with blue-green apothecial pigments". Herzogia. 29 (2/1): 421–434. doi:10.13158/heia.29.2.2016.421.
Fryday, A.M. (2004). "New species and records of lichenized fungi from Campbell Island and the Auckland Islands, New Zealand". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 127–146.
Elix, J.A.; McCarthy, P.M. (2018). "Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 82: 20–59.
McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2016). "Five new lichen species (Ascomycota) from south-eastern Australia". Telopea. 19: 137–151. doi:10.7751/TELOPEA10732.
Fryday, A.M.; Knight, A. (2012). "A new species of Megalaria (Ramalinaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South Island, New Zealand". Australasian Lichenology. 70: 26–29.
Kantvilas, G. (2008). "Observations on some Tasmanian species of the lichen genus Megalaria (Lecanorales: Megalariaceae)". Muelleria. 26 (2): 62–69. doi:10.5962/p.337562.
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