Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Basidiomycota
Subdivisio: Agaricomycotina
Classis: Agaricomycetes
Subclassis: Agaricomycetidae
Ordo: Agaricales
Subordo: Agaricineae
Familia: Agaricaceae
Genus: Echinoderma
Species: E. asperum
Echinoderma asperum or Lepiota aspera, sometimes known commonly as the freckled dapperling, is a large, brownish, white-gilled mushroom, with a warty or scaly cap. It lives in woodland, or on bark chips in parks, and gardens.
Taxonomy and naming
First described by the eminent nineteenth century mycologist Persoon as Agaricus asper, the freckled dapperling has been through several taxonomical name changes. Lucien Quélet moved it to genus Lepiota and since then it has long been known as Lepiota aspera (Pers.) Quel.[1][2] For a time it was placed with the other "spiny" Lepiota species into a separate sub-genus called Echinoderma, and in 1978 Marcel Bon put it into Cystolepiota.[3] Then in 1991 Bon created the new genus Echinoderma for this and similar brownish warty species, and the new name Echinoderma asperum is almost universally accepted in more recent publications.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]
The species name is the Latin adjective "asper" (with feminine: "aspera" and neuter "asperum"), meaning "rough".[11]
This same species was described by Weinmann in 1824 as Agaricus acutesquamosus and by Wilhelm Gottfried Lasch in 1828 as Agaricus friesii, giving rise to corresponding synonyms in genera Lepiota and Echinoderma. Although most authorities now consider all these names to be synonyms, Moser separated the acutesquamosum form from the asperum form as different species, on the basis that the latter has forking gills and the former not.[2]
Description
General
The cap is oval at first, becoming convex (or campanulate) with age. It is uniform reddish/brown or brown at the centre, breaking up into erect pyramidal scales on a paler ground, and up to 10 cm in diameter. The stem is paler, around 10 cm in length, and has sparse brown scales below the ring. The ring itself is large and cottony, sometimes adhering to the cap perimeter, and often taking brownish scales from there; these are seen at its edge. The gills have a tendency to fork and are free, crowded, and white, with the spore print being white also. The flesh is white, and is said to smell of rubber, earth balls (Scleroderma citrinum),[3] or the mushroom Lepiota cristata.[7]
Similar species
The brownish scales on the cap and the lower part of the stem and the white gills make the genus Echinoderma quite distinctive, but E. asperum could be confused with other members, such as E. calcicola (which has warts the same colour as the background and non-forking gills which are less crowded) and the rare E. hystrix (which is darker and has dark gill-edges).[6]
Distribution and habitat
Echinoderma asperum appears during autumn in deciduous woodland, or in parks and gardens where wood chip mulch has been used. It has been recorded widely in northern temperate zones - varying between common and quite rare in Europe and North Africa,[4] it occurs in North America, and it has been reported in Japan, Australia and New Zealand. In a study to show the diversity of Lepiota aspera species in northern Thailand it was shown how in the Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces in the years 2007 to 2010, about 73 Lepiota mushrooms were collected that represented thirty three different species. The distribution of these L. aspera species resulted in 11 of Stenosporae, 8 of Ovisporae, 6 of Lepiota, 5 of Liliaceae, and 3 of Echinacea. Resulting in how the highest diversity of L. aspera species were reported to be the Stenosporae, resulting in the diversity index to result in 2.20.[8]
Edibility
Although sometimes listed as edible, this mushroom has been shown to cause alcohol intolerance and may be poisonous.[12] It also resembles some species of the Amanita genus, which includes some deadly species.[13]
References
Fungi portal
Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-330-44237-4. Or alternatively Roger Phillips (2006). Mushrooms. Pan MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-330-44237-4.
See Meinhard Moser (1983). Keys to Agarics and Boleti. Translated by Simon Plant. London: Roger Phillips. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-9508486-0-0.
Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-340-39935-4.
Regis Courtecuisse and Bernard Duhem (1995). Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-220025-7.
"Echinoderma asperum page". Encyclopedia of Life. Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-05-23. But the EOL also treats Lepiota aspera as if it were a separate species.
Eyssartier, G.; Roux, P. (2013). Le guide des champignons France et Europe (in French). Belin. p. 340. ISBN 978-2-7011-8289-6.
Knudsen, H.; Vesterholt, J., eds. (2008). Funga Nordica Agaricoid, boletoid and cyphelloid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 536. ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0. This work wrongly gives the species name as "aspera".
See the Global Biodiversity Information Facility page, which gives the current name and shows the geographical distribution.
"Lepiota aspera page". National Biodiversity Network. National Biodiversity Network. Retrieved 2017-05-23. This page states that the accepted name for Lepiota aspera is Echinoderma asperum.
"Echinoderma asperum page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
"asper". Wiktionary. Wikimedia. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
Haberl, B; Pfab, R; Berndt, S; Greifenhagen, C; Zilker, T (February 2011). "Case series: Alcohol intolerance with Coprine-like syndrome after consumption of the mushroom Lepiota aspera (Pers.:Fr.) Quél., 1886 (Freckled Dapperling)". Clin Toxicol. 49 (2): 113–4. doi:10.3109/15563650.2011.554840. PMID 21370948. S2CID 43434106.
Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
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