Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Gyalectales
Familia: Coenogoniaceae
Genus: Coenogonium
Species: C. aciculatum – C. acrocephalum – C. antonianum – C. atroluteum – C. aurantiacum – C. bacilliferum – C. barbatellum – C. barbatum – C. boninense – C. borinquense – C. botryosum – C. byssothallinum – C. chloroticum – C. ciliatum – C. confervoides – C. congense – C. coppinsii – C. coralloideum – C. coronatum – C. curvulum – C. davidii – C. degeneri – C. dilucidum – C. dimorphicum – C. disciforme – C. disjunctum – C. epiphyllum – C. eximium – C. fallaciosum – C. flammeum – C. flavicans – C. flavoviride – C. flavum – C. frederici – C. fuscescens – C. geralense – C. hypophyllum – C. implexum – C. interplexum – C. interpositum – C. isidiatum – C. isidiiferum – C. isidiigerum – C. isidiosum – C. kalbii – C. kawanae – C. labyrinthicum – C. leprieurii – C. linkii – C. lisowskii – C. luteocitrinum – C. luteolum – C. lutescens – C. luteum – C. magdalenae – C. minidenticulatum – C. minimum – C. minutissimum – C. missouriense – C. moniliforme – C. nepalense – C. nigromaculatum – C. ornatum – C. pannosum – C. perminutum – C. persistens – C. pertenue – C. pineti – C. platysporum – C. pocsii – C. portoricense – C. pulchrum – C. pusillum – C. pyrophthalmum – C. queenslandicum – C. roumeguerianum – C. rubrifuscum – C. saepincola – C. siquirrense – C. stenosporum – C. stramineum – C. strigosum – C. subdentatum – C. subdilutum – C. subfallaciosum – C. subluteum – C. subsquamosum – C. subzonatum – C. tanzanicum – C. tavaresianum – C. tomentosum – C. tuckermanii – C. usambarense – C. velutinellum – C. velutinum – C. vezdanum – C. weberi – C. wrightii – C. zonatum
Name
Coenogonium Ehrenb., 1820
List of 81 species from Rivas Plata et al. 2006; Appendix I., pp. 312-314. Fungal Diversity 23: 255–321
Type Species: Coenogonium linkii Ehrenb., in Nees (1820)
Note: All species of the genus Dimerella have been placed in the genus Coenogonium (Lücking & Kalb 2000)
References
Primary
In Nees von Esenbeck, Horae Phys. Berol.: 120 (1820)
Ehrenberg, C.G. 1820: De Coenogonio, novo lichenum genere ex penu viri cl. Chamisso desumpto. - Nees v. Esenbeck Horae physiol. Berol. 1820: **[Mattick Rec.# 33929] - (Recent Literature on Lichens - Mattick No.)**
Secondary
Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Coenogonium (pp. 281-282) In, Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. **[RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22465] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (The Book)
Kalb, K. (2007) New or otherwise interesting lichens. - In: Kärnefelt, I.; Thell, A.: Lichenological Contributions in Honour of David Galloway. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 95. J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin-Stuttgart, pp. 297-316. **[RLL List # 207 / Rec.# 28822] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (Band 95)
Lücking, R. (2008) Foliicolous Lichenized Fungi Fl. Neotrop. Monogr., 103. Published by The New York Botanical Garden Press, 866 pp. (ISBN 978-0-89327-491-7) (Abstract), The Bryologist (Abstract)
Lücking, R. 2008: Foliicolous Lichenized Fungi. - Flora Neotropica Monograph 103. Organization for Flora Neotropica and The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, New York. 866 pp. **[RLL List # 215 / Rec.# 31177] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Lücking, R. and Kalb, K. (2000) Foliikole Flechten aus Brasilien (vornehmlich Amazonien), inklusive einer Checkliste und Bemerkungen zu Coenogonium und Dimerella (Gyalectaceae). [Foliicolous lichens from Brazil (mainly Amazonia), including a checklist and notes on Coenogonium and Dimerella (Gyalectaceae)]. - Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 122(1): 1–61. **[RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22311] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Lücking, R. and Kalb, K. 2001: New Caledonia, foliicolous lichens and island biogeography. - In: McCarthy, P.M.; Kantvilas, G.; Louwhoff, S.H.J.J. (eds.): Lichenological Contributions in Honour of Jack Elix. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart, pp. 247-273. **[RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22464] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)**
Lücking, R.; Streimann, H. and Elix, J.A. (2001) Further records of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Australasia, with an updated checklist for continental Australia. - The Lichenologist 33(3): 195–210. **[RLL List # 183 / Rec.# 22068] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0316)
Lücking, R.; Stuart, B.L. and Lumbsch, H.T. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of Gomphillaceae and Asterothyriaceae: evidence from a combined Bayesian analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences. Mycologia 96: 283–294. **[RLL List # 197 / Rec.# 26218] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (Web site)
Malcolm, W.M. (2004) Transfer of three New Zealand species of Dimerella to Coenogonium (Gyalectaceae). - Australasian lichenology 54: 19. **[RLL List # 194 / Rec.# 25171] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (PDF File)
Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R.; Aptroot, A.; Sipman, H.J.M.; Chaves, J.L.; Umaña, L. and Lizano, D. (2006) A first assessment of the Ticolichen biodiversity inventory in Costa Rica: the genus Coenogonium (Ostropales: Coenogoniaceae), with a world-wide key and checklist and a phenotype-based cladistic analysis. - Fungal diversity 23: 255–321. **[RLL List # 208 / Rec.# 29707] - (Recent Literature on Lichens)** (PDF File)
Links
USDA Plants Database
Genus Record Details
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Pixie-hair lichens, Coenogonium lichens
日本語: スミレモモドキ属, ダイダイサラゴケ属
Coenogonium is a genus of filamentous lichens in the monotypic family Coenogoniaceae. It has about 90 species.[2] Most species are leaf-dwelling or grow on bark, although a few are known to grow on rocks under certain conditions, and some are restricted to growth on termite nests. The genus was circumscribed in 1820 by German naturalist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg.[3]
Coenogonium has a worldwide distribution, with most species known from tropical areas. Most species grow in tropical rainforests in the shaded understorey. They typically grow on tree trunks, branches, lianas, and leaves.[4]
Description
Although members of Coenogonium are relatively easy to identify given its unique characteristics, identifying to species is more difficult due to the slight differences between them. The genus is characterized by biatorine (rarely zeorine), yellow to orange or brown apothecia with a paraplectenchymatous excipulum, partially amyloid hymenium (I+ blue then quickly sordid green then red-brown), thin-walled unitunicate asci, and 1-septate or rarely non-septate ascospores. The photobiont component of Coenogonium is a green alga from the family Trentepohliaceae.[5] The structure of the Coenogonium thallus is largely determined by the algal partner.[6]
Similar genera include Malcolmiella, which differs mainly by having amyloid asci with a thickened tholus and non-septate, usually longer and broader ascospores with an ornamented perispore; Absconditella, which has a chlorococcoid photobiont and non-amyloid asci; and Cryptodiscus, which has Gloeocystis as photobiont, amyloid asci with a thickened apex and non-septate paraphyses.[5]
Research
Species of Coenogonium have frequently used in morphological/anatomical and ecophysiological studies. Examples include thallus growth,[7][8] apothecial development,[9] ultrastructure,[10] photobiont and resynthesis in culture,[11][6] and photosynthesis.[12][13] The filamentous thalli of Coenogonium serve as a home for diatoms and other microorganisms.[14] Johannes Müller Argoviensis even used his erroneous interpretation of the thallus organization of filamentous Coenogonium to oppose Simon Schwendener's theory of the symbiotic nature of lichens.[15]
Species
Coenogonium luteum, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina
Coenogonium interplexum, Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park, Florida
Pixie-hair lichen, genus Coenogonium, Florida Panhandle
Coenogonium (not identified to species), Amazon rainforest, Peru
The genus is well known in continental areas that border the Caribbean, such as Florida and Costa Rica.[4] About half of the world's biodiversity of this genus occurs in Brazil.[16]
Coenogonium aciculatum Lücking & Aptroot (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
Coenogonium agonimioides J.P.Halda, S.O.Oh & Hur (2016)
Coenogonium albomarginatum Michlig & L.I.Ferraro (2013)[18]
Coenogonium antonianum Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium atherospermatis Kantvilas, Rivas Plata & Lücking (2018)[5] – Australia
Coenogonium atroluteum (Vain.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – Neotropics
Coenogonium aurantiacum Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2013)[4] – Puerto Rico
Coenogonium australiense Kantvilas & Lücking (2018)[5] – Australia
Coenogonium bacilliferum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium barbatellum Kalb (2007)[19]
Coenogonium barbatum Lücking, Aptroot & L.Umaña (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
Coenogonium beaverae Lücking & Diederich (2017)
Coenogonium borinquense Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2013)[4] – Puerto Rico
Coenogonium botryosum C.Knight (1886)[20]
Coenogonium brasiliense L.I.Ferraro & Michlig (2013)[18]
Coenogonium bryophilum Kalb & Aptroot (2018)[21] – Australia
Coenogonium byssothallinum Aptroot & Lücking (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
Coenogonium chloroticum Xavier-Leite, M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2013)[22] – Brazil
Coenogonium ciliatum Kalb & Lücking (2000)[23]
Coenogonium confervoides Nyl. (1858)
Coenogonium convexum J.Kalb & Kalb (2016)[24] – Thailand
Coenogonium coppinsii Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2014)[25] – Brazil
Coenogonium coralloideum Kalb (2007)[19]
Coenogonium coronatum G.Neuwirth & Stock.-Wörg. (2014)
Coenogonium curvulum Zahlbr. (1928)
Coenogonium dattatreyense Shravan Kumar & Y.L.Krishnam. (2015)
Coenogonium davidii Kalb (2007)[19]
Coenogonium degeneri (Kalb & Vězda) Kalb & Lücking (2006)
Coenogonium dilucidum (Kremp.) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
Coenogonium dimorphicum Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2013)[4] – Puerto Rico
Coenogonium disciforme Papong, Boonpr. & Lücking (2007)[26] – Thailand
Coenogonium eximium (Nyl.) Kalb & Lücking (2006)– Neotropics
Coenogonium fallaciosum (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
Coenogonium flammeum L.I.Ferraro, Michlig & Lücking (2011)
Coenogonium flavicans (Vězda & Farkas) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
Coenogonium flavovirens L.I.Ferraro & Michlig (2013)[18]
Coenogonium flavoviride M.Cáceres & Lücking (2000)[27]
Coenogonium flavum (Malcolm & Vězda) Malcolm (2004)
Coenogonium frederici (Kalb) Kalb & Lücking (2006)
Coenogonium fruticulosum L.Ludw. (2014)[28] – New Zealand
Coenogonium fuscescens (Vězda & Malcolm) Malcolm (2004)
Coenogonium geralense (Henn.) Lücking (2008) – pantropical
Coenogonium hainanense X.H.Wu & Z.F.Jia (2019)[29] – China
Coenogonium hypophyllum (Vězda) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
Coenogonium implexum Nyl. (1862)
Coenogonium interplexum Nyl. (1862)
Coenogonium interpositum Nyl. (1862)
Coenogonium isidiatum (G.Thor & Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium isidiiferum (Lücking) Lücking (2001)
Coenogonium isidiigerum (Vězda & Osorio) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium isidiosum (Breuss) Rivas Plata, Lücking, L.Umaña & Chaves (2006)
Coenogonium kalbii Aptroot, Lücking & L.Umaña (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
Coenogonium kawanae (H.Harada & Vězda) H.Harada & Lumbsch (2004)
Coenogonium kiggaense Shravan Kumar & Y.L.Krishnam. (2015)
Coenogonium labyrinthicum Lücking & Kalb (2001)
Coenogonium linkii Ehrenb. (1820)[3]
Coenogonium lisowskii (Vězda) Lücking (2001)
Coenogonium lueckingii Y.Joshi, Gagarina, J.P.Halda & Hur (2015)[30] – South Korea
Coenogonium luteocitrinum Rivas Plata, Lücking & L.Umaña (2006)[17] – Neotropics
Coenogonium luteolum (Kalb) Kalb & Lücking (2006) – Europe
Coenogonium lutescens (Vězda & Malcolm) Malcolm (2004)
Coenogonium luteum (Dicks.) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
Coenogonium magdalenae Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lizano (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
Coenogonium maritimum Seavey & J.Seavey (2017)[31] – Florida
Coenogonium minidenticulatum Aptroot & M. Cáceres (2016)
Coenogonium minimum (Müll.Arg.) Lücking (2008)
Coenogonium minutissimum Kalb (2007)[19]
Coenogonium moniliforme Tuck. (1862)[32]
Coenogonium nepalense (G.Thor & Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – Neotropics and eastern Paleotropics
Coenogonium perminutum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium persistens (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – Neotropics
Coenogonium pertenue (Stirt.) Kalb & Lücking (2006)
Coenogonium piliferum (Vězda) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
Coenogonium pineti (Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch (2004)
Coenogonium platysporum Kalb (2007)[19]
Coenogonium pocsii (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – African Paleotropics
Coenogonium portoricense Merc.-Díaz & Lücking (2013)[4] – Puerto Rico
Coenogonium pulchrum (Müll.Arg.) Kalb (2001)
Coenogonium pusillum (Mont.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium pyrophthalmum (Mont.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium queenslandicum (Kalb & Vězda) Lücking (2001) – eastern Paleotropics
Coenogonium riparium (Vain.) Kalb (2007)
Coenogonium roumeguerianum (Müll. Arg.) Kalb (2001)
Coenogonium rubrofuscum (Vězda & Malcolm) Malcolm (2005)
Coenogonium saepincola Aptroot, Sipman & Lücking (2006)[17] – Costa Rica
Coenogonium seychellense Farkas (2014)[33]
Coenogonium siquirrense (Lücking) Lücking (2008)
Coenogonium stenosporum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006) – Neotropics
Coenogonium stramineum (Aptroot & Seaward) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium strigosum Rivas Plata, Lücking & Chaves (2006)[17] – Neotropics
Coenogonium subborinquense J.Kalb & Kalb (2016)[24] – Thailand
Coenogonium subdentatum (Vězda & G.Thor) Rivas Plata, Lücking, L.Umaña & Chaves (2006) – Neotropics; eastern Paleotropics
Coenogonium subdilucidum Farkas & Vězda (2014)[33]
Coenogonium subdilutum (Malme) Kalb (2001)
Coenogonium subdilutum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium subfallaciosum (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium subluteum (Rehm) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
Coenogonium subsquamosum (Aptroot & Seaward) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium subzonatum (Lücking) Lücking & Kalb (2001)
Coenogonium tanzanicum (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking & Kalb (2002)
Coenogonium tavaresianum (Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium theae (Räsänen) Gagarina (2015)
Coenogonium upretianum M.Cáceres & Aptroot (2018)[16] – Brazil
Coenogonium urceolatum Kantvilas, Rivas Plata & Lücking (2018)[5] – Australia
Coenogonium usambarense (Vězda & Farkas) Lücking & Kalb (2001) – African and eastern Paleotropics
Coenogonium velutinellum Lücking, N.Marín & Álvaro (2023)[34] – Colombia
Coenogonium verrucimarginatum J.Kalb & Kalb (2016)[24] – Thailand
Coenogonium verrucosum Michlig & L.I.Ferraro (2013)[18] – South America
Coenogonium vezdanum (Lücking) Lücking (2008)
Coenogonium weberi (Vězda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (2006)
Coenogonium wernerhuberi Breuss & G.Neuwirth (2012)[35] – Costa Rica
Coenogonium wrightii (Vězda) H.Harada & Lumbsch (2004)
Coenogonium zonatum (Müll.Arg.) Kalb & Lücking (2000)
References
"Synonymy: Coenogonium Ehrenb., in Nees von Esenbeck (Ed.), Horae Phys. Berol.: 120 (1820)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1820). "De Coenogonio, novo lichenum genere ex penu viri cl. Chamisso desumpto". In Nees v. Esenbeck (ed.). Horae Physicae Berolinenses 1820 (in Latin). pp. 77–104.
Mercado-Díaz, Joel A.; Gould, William A.; González, Grizelle; Lücking, Robert (2013). "Four new species of Coenogonium (Ascomycota: Ostropales) from vulnerable forest ecosystems in Puerto Rico". The Bryologist. 116 (4): 373–381. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-116.4.373.
Kantvilas, G.; Rivas Plata, E.; Lücking, R. (2018). "The lichen genus Coenogonium in Tasmania". The Lichenologist. 50 (5): 571–582. doi:10.1017/S0024282918000385.
Stocker-Wörgötter; E. (1997). "Investigations on the photobiont and resynthesis of the tropical lichen Coenogonium leprieurii (Mont.) Nyl. from the NE coast of Brazil in culture". Symbiosis. 23: 117–124.
Karling, John S. (1934). "A preliminary contribution to the structure and development of Coenogonium Linkii". Annals of Botany. 48 (192): 823–855. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090480. JSTOR 43237694.
Redinger, K.M. (1934). "Eine bemerkenswerte Wachstumsweise von Coenogonium Linkii Ehrenb". Revue Bryologique et Lichénologique (in German). 6: 201–203.
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Thomas, M.A.; Nash, T.H. III; Gries, C. (1997). "Ecophysiological comparison of two tropical/subtropical lichen Species: Dictyonema glabratum from an alpine habitat and Coenogonium interplexum from a lowland forest". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 67: 183–195.
Lakatos, Michael; Lange-Bertalot, Horst; Büdel, Burkhard (2004). "Diatoms living inside the thallus of the green algal lichen Coenogonium linkii in neotropical lowland rain forests". Journal of Phycology. 40: 70–73. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.2004.02-205.x.
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Aptroot, André; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2018). "Coenogonium upretianum (Ascomycota: Coenogoniaceae), a new corticolous lichen species from Brazil". Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment: 11–13. doi:10.21756/cab.esp3.
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Ferraro, Lidia I.; Michlig, Andrea (2013). "New species and additional records of Coenogonium (Ostropales: Coenogoniaceae) from southern South America". The Lichenologist. 45 (4): 497–504. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000169.
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Bailey, Frederick Manson (1886). A Synopsis of the Queensland Flora: containing both the Phaenogamous and Cryptogamous plants. First Supplement. Brisbane: James C. Beal, Govt. Printer.
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Menezes, A.A.; Xavier-Leite, A.B.; Cáceres, M.E.S.; Aptroot, A. (2014). "Coenogonium chloroticum (Ascomycota: Coenogoniaceae), a new corticolous lichen species from Mata do Pau-Ferro, in Paraíba, NE Brazil". Nova Hedwigia. 98 (1–2): 197–200. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0149.
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Kalb, Jutarat; Boonpragob, Kansri; Kalb, Klaus (2016). "New Coenogonium species (Ostropales: Coenogoniaceae) from Thailand, new reports and a revised key to the species occurring in the country". Phytotaxa. 283 (2): 101–122. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.283.2.1.
Aptroot, André; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2014). "New lichen species from termite nests in rainforest in Brazilian Rondônia and adjacent Amazonas". The Lichenologist. 46 (3): 365–372. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000340.
Papong, Khwanruan; Boonpragob, Kansri; Lücking, Robert (2006). "New species and new records of foliicolous lichens from Thailand". The Lichenologist. 39 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1017/S0024282906006104.
Cáceres, M.; Lücking, R. (2000). "Three new species and one new combination of foliicolous lichens and lichenicolous fungi from the Atlantic rainforest in Pernambuco state, Brazil". Nova Hedwigia. 70 (1–2): 217–226. doi:10.1127/nova.hedwigia/70/2000/217.
Ludwig, L.R. (2014). "Coenogonium fruticulosum, a new isidiate species from New Zealand". Australasian Lichenology. 75: 18–27.
Wu, Xiao-Han; Wang, Wei-Cheng; Dou, Ming-Zhu; Jia, Ze-Feng (2019). "Coenogonium hainanense sp. nov. and new records from China". Mycotaxon. 134 (3): 561–576. doi:10.5248/134.561.
Joshi, Y.; Gagarina, L.; Halda, J.P.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2015). "A new species and a new record of the lichen genus Coenogonium (Ostropales: Coenogoniaceae) from South Korea, with a world-wide key to crustose Coenogonium having prothalli". Mycosphere. 6 (6): 667–672. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/6/6/3.
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