Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Cladoniaceae
Genus: Cladonia
Species: C. abbatiana – C. abbreviatula – C. acervata – C. acuminata – C. adspersa – C. ahtii – C. alaskana – C. albata – C. albonigra – C. alinii – C. alpina – C. amaurocraea – C. andereggii – C. angustata – C. anitae – C. apodocarpa – C. arbuscula – C. archeri – C. argentea – C. artuata – C. asahinae – C. aspera – C. atlantica – C. atrans – C. attacta – C. azorica – C. bacillaris – C. bacilliformis – C. beaumontii – C. bellidiflora – C. bimberiensis – C. borbonica – C. borealis – C. boryi – C. botryocarpa – C. botrytes – C. brevis – C. buckii – C. caespiticia – C. callosa – C. calyciformis – C. caperatica – C. capitellata – C. cariosa – C. carneola – C. caroliniana – C. cartilaginea – C. celata – C. cenotea – C. cervicornis – C. chlorophaea – C. ciliata – C. cinerella – C. coccifera – C. complanata – C. confusa – C. coniocraea – C. conista – C. conspicua – C. convoluta – C. corniculata – C. cornuta – C. corymbescens – C. corymbites – C. crispata – C. cristatella – C. cryptochlorophaea – C. cucullata – C. cyanipes – C. cyanopora – C. cyathomorpha – C. cylindrica – C. dactylota – C. dahliana – C. darwinii – C. decorticata – C. deformis – C. delavayi – C. densissima – C. didyma – C. digitata – C. dimorpha – C. dimorphoclada – C. dissimilis – C. diversa – C. ecmocyna – C. enantia – C. evansii – C. extracorticata – C. farinacea – C. fenestralis – C. fimbriata – C. firma – C. floerkeana – C. floridana – C. foliacea – C. fragosa – C. fruticulosa – C. furcata – C. fuscofunda – C. gallowayi – C. glauca – C. glebosa – C. gonggaensis – C. graciliformis – C. gracilis – C. granulans – C. grayi – C. grisea – C. gymnopoda – C. halei – C. hammeri – C. hokkaidensis – C. homosekikaica – C. hondoensis – C. humilis – C. hypoxantha – C. ignatii – C. imbricarica – C. imbricata – C. imperialis – C. incerta – C. incrassata – C. innominata – C. inobeana – C. jaliscana – C. japonica – C. kalbii – C. kanewskii – C. koyaensis – C. krempelhuberi – C. kriegeri – C. kuringaiensis – C. kurokawae – C. labradorica – C. lacryma – C. laii – C. lepidophora – C. leporina – C. leprocephala – C. litoralis – C. luteoalba – C. luzonensis – C. macaronesica – C. macilenta – C. macroceras – C. macrophylla – C. macrophyllodes – C. magyarica – C. malayana – C. marionii – C. mateocyatha – C. maxima – C. mediterranea – C. melaleuca – C. merochlorophaea – C. metacorallifera – C. mexicana – C. miniata – C. mitis – C. mongkolsukii – C. monomorpha – C. multiformis – C. murrayi – C. nana – C. nashii – C. neozelandica – C. nipponica – C. nitidella – C. norikurensis – C. norvegica – C. novochlorophaea – C. nudicaulis – C. ochrochlora – C. pachycladodes – C. paeminosa – C. parasitica – C. perforata – C. perfossa – C. perlomera – C. pertricosa – C. petrophila – C. peziziformis – C. phyllophora – C. phyllopoda – C. piedmontensis – C. pleurota – C. pocillum – C. polydactyla – C. poroscypha – C. portentosa – C. praetermissa – C. prolifica – C. prostrata – C. pseudodidyma – C. pseudoevansii – C. pseudofissa – C. pseudogymnopoda – C. pseudohondoensis – C. pseudostellata – C. psoromica – C. pulchra – C. pulvinata – C. pulvinella – C. pycnoclada – C. pyxidata – C. ramulosa – C. rangiferina – C. rangiformis – C. rappii – C. ravenelii – C. rei – C. rigida – C. robbinsii – C. sandstedei – C. santensis – C. sarmentosa – C. scabriuscula – C. schofieldii – C. shikokiana – C. simulata – C. singularis – C. sinoaltaica – C. southlandica – C. squamosa – C. squamosissima – C. staufferi – C. stellaris – C. stereoclada – C. stipitata – C. strangulata – C. strepsilis – C. stricta – C. stygia – C. subcariosa – C. subcervicornis – C. subconistea – C. subdecaryana – C. subfimbriata – C. subfurcata – C. submitis – C. submultiformis – C. subpityrea – C. subradiata – C. subsetacea – C. subsquamosa – C. substrepsilis – C. subsubulata – C. subtenuis – C. subulata – C. sulcata – C. sulphurina – C. sumatrana – C. symphycarpia – C. tasmanica – C. tenerrima – C. tenuicaulis – C. terrae-novae – C. tessellata – C. thiersii – C. thomsonii – C. transcendens – C. trassii – C. turgida – C. uliginosa – C. uncialis – C. ustulata – C. verruculosa – C. vulcani – C. vulcanica – C. wainioi – C. weymouthii – C. yunnana – C. zopfii
Name
Cladonia P.Browne, 1756 (nom. cons.)
References
Browne, P. 1756. Civil and natural history of Jamaica: 90.
Ahti, T. & DePriest, P.T. 2001. New combinations of Cladina epithets in Cladonia (Ascomycotina: Cladoniaceae). Mycotaxon 78: 499–502. [RLL List # 183 / Rec.# 22107] – (Recent Literature on Lichens) (Complete article)
Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. & Sharnoff, S. 2001. Cladonia (pp. 223–278). In: Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. [RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22465] – (Recent Literature on Lichens) (The Book)
Dolnik, C. Beck, A. & Zarabska, D. 2010. Distinction of Cladonia rei and C. subulata based on molecular, chemical and morphological characteristics. The Lichenologist 42(4): 373–386. [RLL List # 219 / Rec.# 31803] – (Recent Literature on Lichens) (DOI: 10.1017/S0024282910000071)
Hinds, J.W. & Hinds, P.L. 2007. Cladonia Hill ex P. Browne, 1756 (pp. 151–217). In: The Macrolichens of New England. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden No. 96. New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, New York. 584 pp. [RLL List # 210 / Rec.# 30032] – (Recent Literature on Lichens)
Lendemer, J.C. & Hodkinson, B.P. 2009. The Wisdom of Fools: new molecular and morphological insights into the North American apodetiate species of Cladonia. Opuscula Philolichenum 7: 79–100. [RLL List # 217 / Rec.# 31144] – (Recent Literature on Lichens) (PDF
McCune, B. & Geiser, L. 2009. Cladonia (pp. 65–102) Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. (Second Edition) Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. [RLL List # 216 / Rec.# 31233] – (Recent Literature on Lichens)
Thomson, J.W. 2003. Cladonia P. Browne (pp. 73–90). In: Lichens of Wisconsin. Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin–Madison. [RLL List # 190 / Rec.# 24161] – (Recent Literature on Lichens)
van Herk, K. & Aptroot, A. 2004. Cladonia Hill ex P. Browne (pp. 128–165). In: Veldgids Korstmossen. Koninkliijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging. [RLL List # 196 / Rec.# 26085] – (Recent Literature on Lichens) (Ducth)
Links
Cladonia in United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, PLANTS Database.
North American Lichen Checklist
Cladonia in Index Fungorum.
Cladonia in MycoBank.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Кладонія
suomi: Torvijäkälät
日本語: ハナゴケ属
lietuvių: Šiurė
Nederlands: Heidestaartje en bekermos
русский: Кладония
Cladonia is a genus of moss-like lichenized fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. They are the primary food source for reindeer/caribou. Cladonia species are of economic importance to reindeer-herders, such as the Sami in Scandinavia or the Nenets in Russia. Antibiotic compounds are extracted from some species to create antibiotic cream. The light green species Cladonia stellaris is used in flower decorations.
Although the phylogeny of the genus Cladonia is still under investigation, two main morphological groups are commonly differentiated by taxonomists: the Cladonia morpho-type and the Cladina morpho-type. The Cladonia morpho-type has many more species, and is generally described as a group of squamulose (grow from squamules), cup-bearing lichens. The Cladina morpho-types are often referred to as forage lichens, mat-forming lichens, or reindeer lichens (due to their importance as caribou winter forage).
Cladonia perforata ("perforate cladonia") is one of two on the U.S. Endangered Species List, and it should never be collected. It exists only in a few small populations in Florida.
Several Cladonia species grow on sand dunes. The presence, and luxuriant carpet-like growth, of Cladonia species is one of the defining characters of grey dune, a priority habitat for conservation under the E.U. Habitats Directive.
Cladonia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Chionodes continuella.
Selected species
Main article: List of Cladonia species
Selected species of Cladonia include:[2]
Cladonia amaurocraea – quill lichen
Cladonia arbuscula – reindeer lichens
Cladonia asahinae – pixie cup lichen
Cladonia borealis – boreal cup lichen
Cladonia cardiosa – split-leg lichen
Cladonia cenotea – powdered funnel lichen
Cladonia chlorophaea – mealy pixie cup
Cladonia coccifera – madam's cup
Cladonia coniocraea – common powderhorn
Cladonia cristatella – British soldiers lichen
Cladonia deformis – lesser sulphur-cup lichen
Cladonia didyma – Southern soldiers
Cladonia fimbriata – trumpet lichen
Cladonia gracilis – smooth horn lichen
Cladonia macilenta – lipstick powderhorn
Cladonia macrophyllodes – large-leaved cladonia
Cladonia mitis – green reindeer lichen, yellow reindeer lichen
Cladonia mongkolsukii
Cladonia multiformis – sieve lichen
Cladonia parasitica
Cladonia peziziformis – cup lichen
Cladonia phyllophora – felt horn lichen
Cladonia pleurota – red-fruited pixie cup
Cladonia portentosa – reindeer lichen
Cladonia pyxidata – pebbled pixie lichen
Cladonia rangiferina – grey reindeer lichen, true reindeer lichen
Cladonia rei – wand lichen
Cladonia squamosa – dragon horn
Cladonia stellaris – northern reindeer lichen, star-tipped reindeer lichen
Cladonia turgida – crazy scale lichen
Cladonia uncialis – thorn lichen
Cladonia verticillata – ladder lichen
References
Diederich, Paul; Schultz, Matthias (2021). "The identity of Verrucaster lichenicola Tobler". Herzogia. 34 (1): 203–207. doi:10.13158/heia.34.1.2021.203. S2CID 235676296.
Walewski. Joe (2007). Lichens of the North Woods. Duluth, MN: Kollath+Stensaas Publ.
Anderson, R. (2009). Cladonia peziziformis (With.) J.R. Laundon (Lecanorales: Cladoniaceae) re-discovered in Co. Down. Ir. Nat. J. 30: 146.
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