Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Cladoniaceae
Genus: Cladia
Species: C. aggregata – C. beaugleholei – C. blanchonii – C. corallaizon – C. cryptica – C. deformis – C. dumicola – C. ferdinandii – C. fuliginosa – C. glaucolivida – C. gorgonea – C. inflata – C. moniliformis – C. muelleri – C. mutabilis – C. neocaledonica – C. occulta – C. oreophila – C. retipora – C. schizopora – C. sullivanii – C. tasmanica – C. terebrata
Name
Cladia Nyl., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Ser. 2, 4: 167 (1870). [MycoBank #1072]
Type Species: Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Ser. 2, 4: 167. (1870). [MycoBank #118670]
Homotypic synonym
Clathrina Müll.Arg., Flora [Regensburg] 66(5): 80 (1883). [MycoBank #1086]
Type Species: Clathrina aggregata (Sw.) Müll.Arg., Flora [Regensburg] 71(2): 18 (1888). [MycoBank #478524] (≡ Cladia aggregata)
Heterotypic synonyms
Heterodea Nyl., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Ser. 2, 2: 47 (1868). [MycoBank #2315] (nom. rej.)
Type Species: Heterodea muelleri (Hampe) Nyl., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, Ser. 2, 2: 47 (1868). [MycoBank #386828] (≡ Cladia muelleri)
Trichocladia Stirt., Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria 18: 1 (1882). [MycoBank #5549] (nom. illeg.)
Type Species: Trichocladia baileyi Stirt., Trans. Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria 18: 1 (1882). [MycoBank #407847] (= Cladia muelleri)
Ramalinora Lumbsch, Rambold & Elix, Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(4): 522 (1995). [MycoBank #27547]
Type Species: Ramalinora glaucolivida (Müll.Arg.) Lumbsch, Rambold & Elix, Austral. Syst. Bot. 8(4): 522 (1995). [MycoBank #414066] (≡ Cladia glaucolivida)
References
Lumbsch, H.T., Ahti, T. & Parnmen, S. 2010. Proposal to conserve Cladia against Heterodea (Ascomycota). Taxon 59(2): 643. RLL List # 219 / Rec.# 32030 – Recent Literature on Lichens DOI: 10.1002/tax.592032 Reference page.
Lumbsch, H.T., Rambold, G.W. & Elix, J.A. 1995. Ramalinora (Ramalinaceae) – a New Lichen Genus from Australia. Australian Systematic Botany 8(4): 521–530. RLL List # 162 / Rec.# 11874 – Recent Literature on Lichens DOI: 10.1071/SB9950521 RLL (PDF) Reference page.
Müller, J. 1883. Lichenologische Beiträge XVII. Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung, herausgegeben von der königl. bayer. botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg 66(2): 17–25, 66(3): 45–48, 66(5): 75–80. BHL BHL BHL Reference page.
Müller, J. 1888. Lichenologische Beiträge. XXVII. Flora oder allgemeine botanische Zeitung, herausgegeben von der königl. bayer. botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg 71(2): 17–25, (3): 44–48. Mattick Rec.# 28764 – Recent Literature on Lichens BHL BHL Reference page.
Nylander, W. 1868. Synopsis Lichenum Novae Caledoniae. Bulletin de la Société linnéenne de Normandie, Ser. 2, 2: 39–140. BHL Reference page.
Nylander, W. 1870. Recognitio Monographica Ramalinarum. Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Normandie, Ser. 2, 4: 101–181. Mattick Rec.# 16944 – Recent Literature on Lichens BHL Reference page.
Parnmen, S., Rangsiruji, A., Mongkolsuk, P., Boonpragob, K., Elix, J.A. & Lumbsch, H.T. 2010. Morphological disparity in Cladoniaceae: The foliose genus Heterodea evolved from fruticose Cladia species (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota). Taxon 59(3): 841–849. RLL List # 219 / Rec.# 32116 – Recent Literature on Lichens DOI: 10.1002/tax.593013 Reference page.
Stirton, J. 1882. A New Genus of Lichens. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 18: 1–2. RLL Suppl. Rec.# 970 – Recent Literature on Lichens BHL Reference page.
Links
Index Fungorum: IF 1072
MycoBank: MB 1072
Cladia in GBIF
Vernacular names
日本語: トゲシバリ属
Cladia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. Cladia species have a crustose or squamulose (scaly) primary thallus and a fruticose, secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The type species of the genus, Cladia aggregata, is widely distributed, occurring in South America, South Africa, Australasia and South-East Asia to southern Japan and India. Most of the other species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Taxonomy
Cladia was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1870 with Cladia aggregata as the type species.[3] Rex Filson created a separate family, the Cladiaceae, to contain the genus,[4] but this is no longer used and the genus is classified in the family Cladoniaceae.[5] An updated phylogeny of the Cladoniaceae was published in 2018.[6]
Molecular phylogenetic evidence showed that the genera Heterodea and Ramalinora were nested within Cladina,[7][8] so they are now synonyms. Because the name Heterodea predated Cladina, the generic name Cladia was proposed for conservation against Heterodea to avoid several nomenclatural changes that would have been necessary.[9][10] The proposal was accepted by both the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi and the General Committee.[11][12]
Description
Cladia consists of fruticose lichens with typically a perforate pseudopodetia with an external cartilaginous layer. The apothecia are black or brown and have a persistent proper margin and a flat disc. The asci are eight-spored with a well-developed amyloid tholus with a darker-staining central tube. The pycnidia are immersed in grossly black to brown projections that are initially blunt and measure up to 0.5 mm long and eventually become needle-like and up to 1 mm long.[13]
Ecology
Eight species of lichenicolous fungi are known to grow on Cladia:[14] Echinothecium cladoniae Keissl. nom. nud. (on C. aggregata from Columbia; Etayo 2002), Lichenoconium echinosporum D. Hawksw. (on C. muelleri from Australia; Hawksworth 1977), Roselliniella heterodeae Matzer & Hafellner (on C. muelleri from Australia; Matzer & Hafellner 1990); Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. agg. (on C. aggregata from Columbia; Etayo 2002); Endococcus cladiae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas; Lichenopeltella soiliae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas, and Lichenosticta hoegnabbae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas.
Chemistry
The type species, Cladia aggregata, is highly variable morphologically and has extensive chemical variation.[15] Kantvilas and Elix (1999) revised the C. aggregata complex in Tasmania and identified six chemotypes in C. aggregata sensu stricto.[13] Similarly, five chemotypes were found in specimens from the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil. In both studies, most of them contained barbatic acid and 4-O-demethylbarbatic acid.[16] Barbatic acid is cytotoxic, and kills the worms of Schistosoma mansoni in in vitro studies. This is the causative agent of Schistosomiasis.[17]
Species
Revisions of Cladia published in 2012 and 2013 included 23 species in the genus.[18][19] As of December 2023, Species Fungorum accepts 20 species in Cladia:[20]
Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. (1870)
Cladia beaugleholei (Filson) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2011)[18]
Cladia blanchonii Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)[18]
Cladia cryptica Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)[18]
Cladia deformis Kantvilas & Elix (2000)[13]
Cladia dumicola Kantvilas & Elix (2000)[13]
Cladia glaucolivida (Müll.Arg.) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2012)[18]
Cladia globosa Ahti (2000)[15]
Cladia gorgonea (Eschw.) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)
Cladia inflata (F.Wilson) D.J.Galloway (1977)
Cladia moniliformis Kantvilas & Elix (1987)[21]
Cladia muelleri (Hampe) Parnmen, Elix & Lumbsch (2012)[18]
Cladia mutabilis Kantvilas & Elix (2000)[13]
Cladia neocaledonica (Räsänen) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)
Cladia occulta Kantvilas (2012)[22] – Tasmania
Cladia oreophila Kantvilas & Elix (2000)[13]
Cladia schizopora (Nyl.) Nyl. (1888)
Cladia tasmanica Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)[18]
Cladia terebrata (Laurer) Parnmen & Lumbsch (2013)
Cladia xanthocarpa Elix & P.M.McCarthy (2018)[23] – Australia
References
"Synonymy: Cladia Nyl". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
Lumbsch, H.T.; Rambold, G.; Elix, J.A. (1995). "Ramalinora (Ramalinaceae) – a new lichen genus from Australia". Australian Systematic Botany. 8 (3): 521–530. doi:10.1071/SB9950521.
Nylander, William (1870). Recognitio Monographica Ramalinarum (in French). Caen: Impr. de P. Le Blanc-Hardel. p. 69.
Filson, R.B. (1981). "A revision of the lichen genus Cladia Nyl". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 49: 1–75.
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
Stenroos, Soili; Pino‐Bodas, Raquel; Hyvönen, Jaakko; Lumbsch, Helge Thorsten; Ahti, Teuvo (2018). "Phylogeny of the family Cladoniaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) based on sequences of multiple loci". Cladistics. 35 (4): 351–384. doi:10.1111/cla.12363. hdl:10261/247495. PMID 34633698. S2CID 92664622.
Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Elix, J. (2010). "Phenotypic disparity and adaptive radiation in the genus Cladia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (4): 239–247. doi:10.1071/SB10010.
Parnmen, Sittiporm; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Boonpragob, Kansri; Elix, John A.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2010). "Morphological disparity in Cladoniaceae: The foliose genus Heterodea evolved from fruticose Cladia species (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 59 (3): 841–849. doi:10.1002/tax.593013.
Lumbsch, H. T.; Ahti, T.; Parmen, S. (2010). "(1926) Proposal to conserve Cladia against Heterodea (Ascomycota)". Taxon. 59 (2): 643. doi:10.1002/tax.592032.
Lumbsch, H.T.; Ahti, T.; Parmen, S. (2010). "Proposal 1926: To conserve Cladia against Heterodea (Ascomycota)". Mycotaxon. 111: 509–511.
Norvell, L.L. (2011). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16". Taxon. 60 (1): 223–226. doi:10.1002/tax.601023. JSTOR 41059839.
Barrie, F. (2011). "Report of the General Committee: 11". Taxon. 60 (4): 1211–1214. doi:10.1002/tax.604026.
Kantvilas, Gintaras; Elix, John A. (1999). "Studies on the lichen genus Cladina Nyl. in Tasmania: the C. aggregata complex". Muelleria. 12 (2): 135–162. doi:10.5962/p.198394. S2CID 86357649.
Zhurbenko, Mikhail P.; Pino-Bodas, Raquel (2015). "New lichenicolous fungi growing on Cladia in New Zealand". The Lichenologist. 47 (6): 395–402. doi:10.1017/S002428291500033X. S2CID 90225005.
Ahti, Teuvo (2000). "Cladoniaceae". Flora Neotropica. Flora Neotropica Monograph. 78. New York Botanical Garden Press: 1–362. JSTOR 4393890.
Charnei, Ana Marcia; Eliasaro, Sionara (2013). "Notes on the chemical variation of the lichenized Ascomycota Cladia aggregata (Cladoniaceae) in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil". Acta Botanica Brasilica. 27 (3): 624–625. doi:10.1590/S0102-33062013000300020.
Silva, H.A.M.F.; Aires, A.L.; Soares, C.L.R.; Sá, J.L.F.; Martins, M.C.B.; Albuquerque, M.C.P.A.; Silva, T.G.; Brayner, F.A.; Alves, L.C.; Melo, A.M.M.A.; Silva, N.H. (2020). "Barbatic acid from Cladia aggregata (lichen): Cytotoxicity and in vitro schistosomicidal evaluation and ultrastructural analysis against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni". Toxicology in Vitro. 65: 104771. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104771. PMID 31935486. S2CID 210827117.
Parnmen, Sittiporn; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "New combinations in the genus Cladia". The Lichenologist. 44 (2): 297–298. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000715. S2CID 86640985.
Parnmen, Sittiporn; Leavitt, Steven D.; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2013). "Identification of species in the Cladia aggregata group using DNA barcoding (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Phytotaxa. 115 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.115.1.1.
Species Fungorum. "Cladia". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
Kantvilas, G.; Elix, J.A. (1987). "A new species of Cladia (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Tasmania". Mycotaxon. 29: 199–205.
Kantvilas, G.; Jarman, S.J.; McCaffrey, N. (2012). "A contribution to the flora of the Meredith Range, north-west Tasmania". Kanunnah. 5: 127–140.
Elix, John A.; McCarthy, Patrick M. (2018). "Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 82: 20–59. doi:10.7751/telopea11598.
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