Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Caliciales
Familia: Caliciaceae
Genus: Calicium
Species: C. abietinum – C. adaequatum – C. adspersum – C. atronitescens – C. chlorosporum – C. contortum – C. corynellum – C. denigratum – C. diploellum – C. glaucellum – C. glebosum – C. hyperelloides – C. indicum – C. japonicum – C. laevigatum – C. lenticulare – C. leucochlorum – C. montanum – C. nobile – C. parvum – C. pinastri – C. pyriforme – C. quercinum – C. robustellum – C. salicinum – C. sequoiae – C. tenuisporum – C. trabinellum – C. tricolor – C. verrucosum – C. victorianum – C. viride
Name
Calicium Pers., 1794
Type: Calicium abietinum Pers., 1794
References
Persoon, C.H. (1794) Einige Bemerkungen über die Flechten: Nebst Beschreibungen einiger neuer Arten aus dieser Familie der Aftermoose. - Ann. Bot. (Usteri) 7: 1–32. (Mattick Rec.# 31958 - Literature on Lichens)
Selva, S.B. (1988) The Caliciales of northern Maine. The Bryologist 91(1): 2-17. (RLL List # 134 / Rec. # 17041 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (JSTOR)
Tibell, L. (1973) Notes on Caliciales. I. Some species from Romania. - Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 67: 5–8. (RLL List # 90 / Rec. # 18591 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Tibell, L. (1973) Notes on Caliciales II. Some species from the Nordic countries. Svensk. Bot. Tidskr. 67: 445–455. (RLL List # 90 / Rec. # 18592 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Tibell, L. (1975) The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symb. Bot. Ups. 21(2): 1–128. (RLL List # 92-86 / Rec. # 18593 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Tibell, L. (1977) Lavordningen Caliciales i Sverige. Inledning och slaktet Calicium. The lichen order Caliciales in Sweden. Introduction and the genus Calicium. - Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 71: 239–259. (RLL List # 100 / Rec. # 18596 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Tibell, L. (1982) Caliciales of Costa Rica. Lichenologist 14: 219–254. (RLL List # 117-86 / Rec. # 18607 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (doi:10.1017/S0024282982000449)
Tibell, L. (1987) Austalasian Caliciales. Symb. Bot. Ups. 27(1): 1–279. (RLL List # 133 / Rec. # 18614 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Tibell, L. (1999) Caliciales. Nordic Lichen Flora 1: 20–71.
Tibell, L. (1999) Calicioid lichens and fungi. - In: Ahti, T/Jørgensen, PM/Kristinsson, H/Moberg, R/Søchting, U/Thor, G (eds.): Nordic Lichen Flora. Volume 1. Introductory Parts. Calicioid Lichens and Fungi. Nordic Lichen Society, Uddevalla, pp. 20-94. (RLL List # 182 / Rec. # 21646 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Tibell, L. (1999) Two new species of Calicium from Europe. Mycotaxon 70: 431–443. (RLL List # 174 / Rec. # 18637 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
Tibell, L. and Kalb, K. (1992) Calicium in the tropical and subtropical Americas. Nova Hedwigia 55: 11–36. (RLL List # 150 / Rec. # 18581 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Tibell, L. and Ryan, B.D. (2004) Calicium (pp. 39-44) In: Nash III, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Diederich, P., Gries, C., and Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 2. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 742 pages. (RLL List # 196 / Rec. # 25877 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Goward, T. 1999. The lichens of British Columbia - Illustrated Keys - Part 2 - Fruticose Species. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests Research Program, 319 pp. (RLL List # 176 / Rec.# 6980 - Recent Literature on Lichens) Online Reference page. : Calicium (pp. 70-75)
Lorente, V.C. and Sánchez, M.J.S. (2001) Guía de Liquenes Epifitos. Madrid: Minsteria de Medio Ambiente. pp. 185. (RLL List # 187 / Rec. # 23295 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
USDA PLANTS Database [1]
North American Lichen Checklist, Version (#17) 16 May 2011
Index Fungorum
MycoBank
Vernacular names
English: Stubble lichens, Pin lichens; Stubble; Spike lichens
日本語: ピンゴケ属
Calicium is a genus of leprose lichens.[1]: 234 It is in the family Caliciaceae, and has 40 species.[2]
The sexual reproduction structures are a mass of loose ascospores that are enclosed by a cup shaped exciple sitting on top of a tiny stalk, having the appearance of a dressmaker's pin (called a mazaedium), hence the common name pin lichen.[1]: 15 They are also commonly called stubble lichens.[1]: 234
They have been used as indicator species for old growth redwood forests.[1]: 234
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscribed in 1794 by the mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. He included three species in his initial circumscription of the Genus: C. viride, C. salicinum, and C. pallidum.[3] The genus name, derived from the Latin calix or calicis ("cup") with the diminutive suffix -ium, refers to the shape of the ascocarps.[4]
Description
The genus Calicium features crustose lichens, which can be verrucose to granular in texture, or immersed in the substrate, and display a range of colours from grey to green-grey, pale yellow, or dark green. Its photobiont, a symbiotic green alga, is of the trebouxioid type. The ascomata (fruiting bodies) are apothecial in nature, usually elevated on a long, distinct stalk with a spherical to lens-shaped head, though some may be directly attached (sessile). These stalks consist of thickened hyphae that are brown to greenish-black and irregularly interwoven. The cup-shaped excipulum, a supportive structure around the ascomata, is well developed and envelops the dry spore mass.[5]
The asci (spore-bearing cells) are cylindrical to clavate (club-shaped) and develop individually from ascogenous hyphae with croziers, typically dissolving early in their lifespan. Ascospores within the genus contain a single septum and form a distinctive black, dry-spore mass known as a mazaedium. These spores have a thick, dark brown wall, often adorned with unique ornamentation.[5] They are generally in the size range 7–19 by 4–8 μm.[6]
In terms of asexual reproduction, Calicium possesses pycnidia, which are sessile or slightly immersed structures producing conidia (asexual spores). These pycnidia are simple and spherical with a punctiform (point-like) ostiole. The conidiophores within are branched, with somewhat cylindrical, enteroblastic conidigenous cells. The conidia themselves are broadly ellipsoid to short-cylindrical, colourless, and lack septa.[5]
Chemically, the genus contains an array of compounds including orcinol and ß-orcinol depsides, along with depsidones, dibenzofurans, anthraquinones, xanthones, and chemical derivatives of pulvinic acid. These chemicals vary across different species within the genus.[5]
Habitat and distribution
Calicium has a global presence, primarily found in cool to temperate regions, with only a few species known to occur in tropical areas. These species typically grow on bark and wood, with rare occurrences on rocks and one species specifically adapted to siliceous rocks. Calicium prefers environments with low light, high humidity, and shelter, often thriving in old-growth forests, although some species can adapt to more open, sun-exposed locations.[6]
Evolutionary history
The discovery of a Calicium-like fossil in Baltic amber dating back 55–35 million years ago myr indicates that the main distinguishing characteristics of this genus have persisted for at least tens of millions of years.[7] A fossil-calibrated phylogeny that includes this fossil suggests that the family Caliciaceae diversified from its most recent common ancestor 103–156 myr ago in the early Cretaceous.[8] This fossil lichen has since been formally named as Calicium succini.[9]
Species
As of December 2023, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 40 species in Calicium:[2]
Calicium abietinum
Calicium hyperelloides
Calicium glaucellum
Calicium trabinellum
Calicium abietinum Pers. (1797)[10]
Calicium adspersum Pers. (1798)[11]
Calicium atronitescens F.Wilson (1891)[12]
Calicium brachysporum (Nádv.) K.Knudsen, Kocourk. & Lendemer (2020)[13] – California
Calicium carolinianum (Tuck.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)
Calicium chlorosporum F.Wilson (1891)[12]
Calicium contortum F.Wilson (1889)[14]
Calicium corynellum (Ach.) Ach. (1803)
Calicium diploellum Nyl. (1868)[15]
Calicium episcalare L.Tibell & T.Knutsson (2016)[16] – Sweden
Calicium glebosum Müll.Arg. (1887)[17]
Calicium hyperelloides Nyl. (1860)[18]
Calicium indicum Tibell (2006)[6]
Calicium laevigatum Tibell (2006)[6]
Calicium lecideinum (Nyl.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)
Calicium lenticulare Ach. (1816)
Calicium lucidum (Th.Fr.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)
Calicium lutescens Tibell (2001)[19] – Africa
Calicium martinii Js.Murray (1960)[20]
Calicium muriformis Tibell (2003)[21]
Calicium nobile Tibell (2006)[6]
Calicium notarisii (Tul.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)
Calicium parvum Tibell (1975)[22]
Calicium pinicola (Tibell) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)
Calicium pleuriseptatum Tibell & Frisch (2010)[23]
Calicium pyriforme Tibell (2006)[6]
Calicium quercinum Pers. (1797)
Calicium robustellum Nyl. (1861)[24]
Calicium salicinum Pers. (1794)
Calicium sequoiae C.B.Williams & Tibell (2008)[25] – California
Calicium sperlingiae Selva & Tibell (2023)[26] – Oregon, USA
Calicium succini (Casp.) Rikkinen & A.R.Schmidt (2018)[9]
Calicium tenuisporum Tibell (2006)[6]
Calicium tigillare (Ach.) Pers. (1810)
Calicium trabinellum (Ach.) Ach. (1810)
Calicium trachylioides (Nyl. ex Branth & Rostr.) M.Prieto & Wedin (2016)
Calicium tricolor F.Wilson (1889)[14]
Calicium verrucosum Tibell (2006)[6]
Calicium victorianum (F.Wilson) Tibell (1987)
Calicium viride Pers. (1794)
The species Calicium adaequatum, first described by William Nylander in 1869, was moved to the monotypic genus allocalicium in 2016 based on molecular phylogenetics analysis.[8]
References
Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
Species Fungorum. "Calicium". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
Persoon, C.H. (1794). "Einige Bemerkungen über die Flechten". Annalen der Botanik (Usteri) (in Latin). 7: 1–32 [20].
Ulloa, Miguel; Aguirre-Acosta, Elvira (2020). Illustrated Generic Names of Fungi. APS press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-89054-618-5.
Giavarini, V.J.; Purvis, O.W. (2009). "Calicium Pers. (1794)". In Smith, C.W.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.J.; Fletcher, F.; Gilbert, O.L.; James, P.W.; Wolselely, P.A. (eds.). The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland (2nd ed.). London: The Natural History Museum. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-9540418-8-5.
Tibell, Leif (2006), "Calicium in the Indian Himalayas", Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory, 100: 809–851, doi:10.18968/jhbl.100.0_809
Rikkinen, Jouko (2003). "Calicioid lichens from European Tertiary amber". Mycologia. 95 (6): 1032–1036. doi:10.1080/15572536.2004.11833019. PMID 21149012.
Prieto, Maria; Wedin, Mats (2016). "Phylogeny, taxonomy and diversification events in the Caliciaceae". Fungal Diversity. 82 (1): 221–238. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0372-y.
Kettunen, Elina; Sadowski, Eva Maria; Seyfullah, Leyla J.; Dörfelt, Heinrich; Rikkinen, Jouko; Schmidt, Alexander R. (2019). "Caspary's fungi from Baltic amber: historic specimens and new evidence". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (3): 365–389. doi:10.1002/spp2.1238.
Persoon, C.H. (1797). Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum (in Latin). p. 59.
Persoon, C.H. (1800). Icones et Descriptiones Fungorum Minus Cognitorum (in Latin). Vol. 2. pp. 27–60 [59, t. 14:6].
Bailey, F.M. (1891). "Contributions to the Queensland Flora". Botany Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture of Queensland. 7.
Knudsen, K.; Kocourková, J.; Lendemer, J.C. (2019). "Calicium brachysporum, a rare California endemic". Bulletin of the California Lichen Society. 26 (2): 51–53.
Wilson, F.R.M. (1889). "A description of forty-one Victorian lichens new to science". Victorian Naturalist. 6: 61–69.
Nylander, W. (1868). "Addenda nova ad lichenographiam Europaeam. Contin. VII". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 51: 161–165.
Tibell, Leif; Knutsson, Tommy (2016). "Calicium episcalaris, (Caliciaceae), a new lichen species from Sweden" (PDF). Symbolae Botanicae Upsaliensis. 38: 49–52.
Müller, J. (1887). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXVI". Flora (Regensburg) (in German). 70 (18): 283–288.
Nylander, W. (1860). Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 153.
Tibell, L. (2001). "A synopsis of crustose calicioid lichens and fungi from mainland Africa and Madagascar". Nordic Journal of Botany. 20 (6): 717–742. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2000.tb00759.x.
Murray, J. (1960). "Studies of New Zealand lichens. I - The Coniocarpinae". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 88: 177–195.
Tibell, L.; Thor, G. (2003). "Calicioid lichens and fungi of Japan". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 94: 205–260.
Tibell, L. (1975). The Caliciales of boreal North America. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. Vol. 21. p. 84.
Tibell, L.; Frisch, A. (2010). "New data on crustose mazaediate lichens from tropical Africa". In Hafellner, J.; Kärnefelt, I.; Wirth, V. (eds.). Diversity and Ecology of Lichens in Polar and Mountain Ecosystems. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 104. Stuttgart: J. Cramer in der Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung. pp. 323–332. ISBN 978-3-443-58083-4.
Nylander, W. (1861). "Expositio Lichenum Novae Caledoniae". Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Botanique. 4 (in Latin). 15: 37–54.
Williams, Cameron B.; Tibell, Leif (2008). "Calicium sequoiae, a new lichen species from north-western California, USA". The Lichenologist. 40 (3): 185–194. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007615.
Selva, Steven B.; Tibell, Leif; Gordon, Matthew; McMullin, R. Troy (2023). "Calicium sperlingiae, (Caliciaceae), a new species of calicioid lichen from Douglas County, Oregon, U.S.A." The Bryologist. 126 (2): 236–241. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-126.2.236. S2CID 259223535.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
