Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Heterobranchia
Infraclassis: Euthyneura
Cohors: Tectipleura
Subcohors: Panpulmonata
SuperOrdo: Eupulmonata
Ordo: Stylommatophora
SubOrdo: Achatinina
Superfamilia: Streptaxoidea
Familia: Streptaxidae
Subfamiliae (5): Enneinae - Marconiinae - Odontartemoninae - Orthogibbinae - Streptaxinae
Genera Unassigned (2 + 2†): Aenigmigulella – Pallgergelyia – †Goniodomulus – †Protostreptaxis
Name
Streptaxidae Gray, 1860
References
Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47(1-2): 1–397.
Hausdorf, B. 2013: Correcting the nomenclature of two Helix dejecta: Helicopsis arenosa (Krynicki, 1836) (Gastropoda: Hygromiidae) from Eastern Europe and Streptartemon dejectus (Moricand, 1836) (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae) from Brazil. Zootaxa 3637(4): 498–500. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3637.4.10 Reference page.
Inkhavilay, K., Siriboon, T., Sutcharit, C., Rowson, B. & Panha, S. 2016. The first revision of the carnivorous land snail family Streptaxidae in Laos, with description of three new species (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora, Streptaxidae). ZooKeys 589: 23–53. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.589.7933. Reference page.
Oke, C.O. 2007: A new species of Streptaxidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) from southeastern Nigeria. African zoology, 42: 286–288.
Links
Streptaxidae in the World Register of Marine Species
Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.
Streptaxidae are carnivorous except for one species Edentulina moreleti, which is herbivorous.[3] All streptaxids have well-developed radula, except Careoradula perelegans, which is the only known terrestrial gastropod without radula.[4]
Altogether 66 species from the family Streptaxidae are listed in the 2010 IUCN Red List.[5]
Distribution
The historical area of origin of the Streptaxidae is probably Gondwanaland.[6]
The family is widely distributed across the tropical and subtropical areas of South America, Africa and Asia.[7] The Recent native distribution of Streptaxidae includes South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mayotte, Comores, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, India, Sri Lanka, Andamans, South-East Asia and the Philippines.[2] The genus Gibbulinella is found in the Canary Islands.[2]
The species diversity of Streptaxidae reaches its maximum in sub-Saharan Africa.[7]
With 13 genera and about 130 nominal species, the second most diverse streptaxid fauna can be found in Southeast Asia.[7] Streptaxidae are the most diverse among tropical Asian carnivorous snails.[7] In Indochina, streptaxid diversity was thought to comprise only 10 genera and about 40 species in 1967.[8] However, in 2006–2016, 21 new species (more than half the previous total) and one new genus had been described from Indochina.[8] Thirty-seven species are recorded from Thailand, 10 from Myanmar, 45 from Vietnam,[8][9] and 12 from Laos.[8]
Description
Streptaxids can generally be recognized by their eccentric or cylindrical shells, while the animals have a bright yellow to red or orange body with external hook-like structures on the everted penis.[7]
Early classifications of the family such as Wilhelm Kobelt (1905–6), used mainly shell shape and the arrangement of apertural dentition.[8] However, many shell characters are highly conserved or occur recurrently, making some species and genera difficult to separate.[8] The reproductive organs of streptaxids can also be taxonomically significant.[8]
Taxonomy
Prior to Schileyko's revision in 2000 only two subfamilies, the Streptaxinae and the Enneinae had been recognized, which were primarily based on their shell morphology.[7]
2005 taxonomy
Only the one family, Streptaxidae, was recognized within the Streptaxoidea in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005).[10]
There are 6 subfamilies in the family Streptaxidae according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, that follows Schileyko (2000):[11]
Streptaxinae Gray, 1860 - synonym: Artemonidae Bourguignat, 1889
Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883[12] - synonym: Streptostelidae Bourguignat, 1889
Marconiinae Schileyko, 2000[13]
Odontartemoninae Schileyko, 2000[14]
Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921[15] - synonyms: Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936; Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936
Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919[16]
2010 taxonomy
Sutcharit et al. (2010)[2] have established a new family Diapheridae within Streptaxoidea and they have added two genera Diaphera and Sinoennea into Diapheridae.[2]
In the recent decades, most of the taxonomic and systematic research on streptaxids has been performed on sub-Saharan African taxa.[7] Only a few publications focus on South American or Asian groups.[7]
Genera
Genera in the family Streptaxidae include:
Streptaxinae
Afristreptaxis Thiele, 1932
Carinartemis Siriboon & Panha, 2014
Discartemon Pfeiffer, 1856[2]
Edentulina L. Pfeiffer, 1856
Elma Adams, 1866[2]
Fischerpietteus Emberton, 2003
Glyptoconus Möllendorff, 1894[2]
Haploptychius Kobelt, 1905
Hypselartemon Wenz, 1947[2][17]
Indoartemon Forcart, 1946[2]
Makrokonche Emberton, 1994
Martinella Jousseaume, 1887[2]
Micrartemon Möllendorff, 1890[2]
Nagyelma Páll-Gergely & Hunyadi, 2021
Odontartemon L. Pfeiffer, 1856
Oophana Ancey, 1884
Perrottetia Kobelt, 1905[2]
Rectartemon Baker, 1925[2]
Sairostoma Haas, 1938[2]
Stemmatopsis J. Mabille, 1887[2]
Streptartemon Kobelt, 1905[2]
Streptaxis Gray, 1837[2] - type genus of the family Streptaxidae
Thachia F. Huber, 2018
Enneinae
Austromarconia van Bruggen & de Winter, 2003
Avakubia Pilsbry, 1919
Conogulella Pilsbry, 1919
Costigulella Pilsbry, 1919
Dadagulella Rowson & Tattersfield, 2013[18][note 1]
Digulella F. Haas, 1934
Gulella Pfeiffer, 1856[2]
Juventigulella Tattersfield, 1998
Microstrophia Möllendorff, 1887[2]
Mirellia Thiele, 1933
Mirigulella Pilsbry & Cockerell, 1933
Paucidentella Thiele, 1933
Primigulella Pilsbry, 1919
Pseudavakubia de Winter & Vastenhout, 2013
Pseudelma Kobelt, 1904
Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Pupigulella Pilsbry, 1919
Rhabdogulella F. Haas, 1934
Silvigulella Pilsbry, 1919
Sphincterocochlion Verdcourt, 1985
Sphinctostrema Girard, 1894
Streptostele Dohrn, 1866[2]
Tomostele Ancey, 1885
Marconiinae
Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877
Marconia Bourguignat, 1889[2] - type genus of the subfamily
Stenomarconia Germain, 1934[2]
Odontartemoninae
Artemonopsis Germain, 1908[2]
Lamelliger Ancey, 1884
Pseudogonaxis Thiele, 1932[2]
Tayloria Bourguignat, 1889[2]
Orthogibbinae
Acanthennea Martens, 1898[2] - with the only species Acanthennea erinacea (Martens, 1898)[6]
Augustula Thiele, 1931[2] - with the only species Augustula braueri (Martens, 1898)[6]
Careoradula Gerlach & van Bruggen, 1999[2] - with the only species Careoradula perelegans (Martens, 1898)[6]
Edentulina Pfeiffer, 1856[2]
Gibbulinella Wenz, 1920[2]
† Gibbus Montfort, 1810 - this genus was endemic to Mauritius and it is now extinct[2]
Glabrennea[2]
Gonaxis Taylor, 1877[2]
† Gonidomus Swainson, 1840 - this genus was endemic to Mauritius and it is now extinct[2]
Gonospira Swainson, 1840[2]
Haploptychius Kobelt, 1905[2]
Imperturbatia Martens, 1898[2]
Oophana Ancey, 1884[2]
Orthogibbus Germain, 1919 - type genus of the subfamily
Plicadomus Swainson, 1840[2]
Priodiscus Martens, 1898[2]
Pseudelma Kobelt, 1904[2]
Seychellaxis[2]
Silhouettia Gerlach & van Bruggen, 1999[2][6] - with the only species Silhouettia silhouettae (Martens, 1898)[6]
Stereostele Pilsbry, 1919[2] - with the only species Stereostele nevilli (Adams, 1868)[6]
Unsorted to subfamily:
Aenigmigulella Pilsbry & Cockerell, 1933
Campolaemus Pilsbry, 1892
Conturbatia Gerlach, 2001 - with the only species Conturbatia crenata Gerlach, 2001[19]
Costigulella Pilsbry, 1919 - formerly included in Gulella
† Goniodomulus Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2016
Pallgergelyia Thach, 2017
Parvedentulina Emberton & Pearce, 2000 - endemic to Madagascar[20]
† Pfefferiola Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2021
† Protostreptaxis W. Yü & X.-Q. Zhang, 1982
Sinistrexcisa De Winter, Gomez & Prieto, 1999:[2] synonym of Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Notes
Scolodonta Doering, 1875 used to be classified within Streptaxinae,[2] but Scolodonta is the type genus of the family Scolodontidae.[10]
Synonyms
Subfamily Gibbinae Steenberg, 1936: synonym of Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921
Subfamily Gonidominae Steenberg, 1936: synonym of Orthogibbinae Germain, 1921
Subfamily Ptychotrematinae Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Enneinae Bourguignat, 1883
Aberdaria Blume, 1965: synonym of Primigulella Pilsbry, 1919 (junior synonym)
Acanthenna: synonym of Acanthennea E. von Martens, 1898 (misspelling)
Adjua Chaper, 1885: synonym of Ptychotrema (Adjua) Chaper, 1885 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853 (original rank)
Alcidia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837
Artemon H. Beck, 1837: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837
Campylaxis Ancey, 1888: synonym of Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
Carychiopsis E. von Martens, 1895: synonym of Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Colpanostoma Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) Bourguignat, 1890 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890 (junior synonym)
Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855[2] - type genus of the subfamily : synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Enneastrum L. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of Ennea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855: synonym of Ptychotrema (Ennea) H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Eustreptaxis L. Pfeiffer, 1878: synonym of Streptaxis Gray, 1837 (objective junior synonym)
Eustreptostele Germain, 1915: synonym of Streptostele (Tomostele) Ancey, 1885: synonym of Tomostele Ancey, 1885
Gibbonsia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Gigantaxis Tomlin, 1930: synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) Bourguignat, 1890 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890 (junior primary homonym of Gibbonsia Cooper, 1864)
Gibbulina Beck, 1837: synonym of Gibbus Montfort, 1810 (invalid; unnecessary replacement name for Gibbus Monfort, 1810)
Gigantaxis Tomlin, 1930:[2] synonym of Tayloria (Tayloria) Bourguignat, 1890 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890
Haplonepion Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Ptychotrema (Haplonepion) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Huttonella Pfeiffer, 1855:[2] synonym of Gulella (Huttonella) L. Pfeiffer, 1856 represented as Gulella L. Pfeiffer, 1856
Idolum L. Pfeiffer, 1856: synonym of Gonidomus Swainson, 1840 (junior synonym)
Indoennea Kobelt, 1904:[2] synonym of Sinoennea Kobelt, 1904 (junior synonym)
Ischnostele C. R. Boettger, 1915: synonym of Streptostele (Raffraya) Bourguignat, 1883 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
Luntia E.A. Smith, 1898: synonym of Streptostele (Tomostele) Ancey, 1885: synonym of Tomostele Ancey, 1885 (junior synonym)
Macrogonaxis Bequaert & Clench, 1936[21]:[2] synonym of Tayloria (Macrogonaxis) Thiele, 1932 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890
Marconia Bourguignat, 1890: synonym of Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877 (junior synonym)
Maurennea:[2] synonym of Gulella (Maurennea) Schileyko, 2000 represented as Gulella L. Pfeiffer, 1856
Nevillia E. von Martens, 1880: synonym of Microstrophia Möllendorff, 1887 (junior homonym of Nevillia H. Adams, 1868)
† Oppenheimiella Pfeffer, 1930 : synonym of † Pfefferiola Harzhauser & Neubauer, 2021 (Invalid: junior homonym of Oppenheimiella Meunier, 1893 [Diptera]; Pfefferiola is a replacement name)
Orthogibbus Germain, 1919: synonym of Gonospira Swainson, 1840
Parennea Pilsbry, 1919: synonym of Ptychotrema (Parennea) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Pseudartemon J. Mabille, 1887: synonym of Haploptychius Kobelt, 1905
Raffraya Bourguignat, 1883: synonym of Streptostele (Raffraya) Bourguignat, 1883 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
Sinistrexcisa de Winter, Gómez & Prieto, 1999: synonym of Ptychotrema L. Pfeiffer, 1853
Somalitayloria Verdcourt, 1962:[2] synonym of Tayloria (Somalitayloria) Verdcourt, 1962 represented as Tayloria Bourguignat, 1890
Stenomarconia Germain, 1934: synonym of Gonaxis (Stenomarconia) Germain, 1934 represented as Gonaxis J. W. Taylor, 1877
Thaumatogulella F. Haas, 1951: synonym of Mirellia Thiele, 1933
Varicostele Pilsbry, 1919:[2] synonym of Streptostele (Varicostele) Pilsbry, 1919 represented as Streptostele Dohrn, 1866
Webbia Odhner, 1932: synonym of Gibbulinella Wenz, 1920
See also
taxa of Streptaxidae described by Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen
References
This article includes CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference[7] and CC-BY-4.0 from the reference[8]
Dadagulella is placed here, because Dadagulella and Gulella are supposed to be sister groups.
Gray J. E. (October 1860) "On the arrangement of the land pulmoniferous Mollusca into families". Annals and Magazine of Natural History, serie 3, 6: 267-269. Streptaxidae is on the page 268.
Sutcharit, C.; Naggs, F.; Wade, C. M.; Fontanilla, I.; Panha, S. (2010). "The new family Diapheridae, a new species of Diaphera Albers from Thailand, and the position of the Diapheridae within a molecular phylogeny of the Streptaxoidea (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 160: 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00598.x.
Gerlach, J (2001). "Edentulina moreleti, the first herbivorous streptaxid (Gastropoda)" (PDF). Phelsuma. 9: 75.
Gerlach, J.; van Bruggen, A. C. (1998). "A first record of a terrestrial mollusc without a radula". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 64 (2): 249–250. doi:10.1093/mollus/64.2.249.
IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 27 September 2010.
Gerlach J. & Bruggen A. C. van (1999). "Streptaxidae Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata of the Seychelles Islands, western Indian Ocean". Zoologische Verhandelingen 328: 1-60. abstract, PDF.
Siriboon, T.; Sutcharit, C.; Naggs, F.; Panha, S. (2013). "Three new species of the carnivorous snail genus Perrottetia Kobelt, 1905 from Thailand (Pulmonata, Streptaxidae)". ZooKeys (287): 41–57. doi:10.3897/zookeys.287.4572. PMC 3677355. PMID 23794847.
Inkhavilay, Khamla; Siriboon, Thanit; Sutcharit, Chirasak; Rowson, Ben; Panha, Somsak (2016-05-16). "The first revision of the carnivorous land snail family Streptaxidae in Laos, with description of three new species (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora, Streptaxidae)". ZooKeys (589): 23–53. doi:10.3897/zookeys.589.7933. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4926661. PMID 27408533. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
Sang, Do Duc; Do Duc, Sang (2017). "Checklist of the genus Perrottetia Kobelt, 1905 (Pulmonata: Streptaxidae) of Vietnam, with description of a new species". Folia Malacologica. 25 (2): 95–100. doi:10.12657/folmal.025.009. Retrieved 2017-11-02.
Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae; Chlamydephoridae; Systrophiidae; Haplotrematidae; Streptaxidae; Spiraxidae; Oleacinidae; Testacellidae". Ruthenica Supplement 2 Part 6: 731–880.
Bourguignat J. R. (1883) Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, serie 6, 15, Art. 2: page 74.
Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae". Ruthenica, Suppl. 2, Part 6: 731-880. page 828.
Schileyko A. A. (2000). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs: Rhytididae, Chlamydephoridae, Systrophiidae, Haplotrematidae, Streptaxidae, Spiraxidae, Oleacinidae, Testacellidae". Ruthenica, Suppl. 2, Part 6: 731-880. page 830.
Germain (1921) Faune malacologique terrestre et fluviatile des iles Mascareignes: 415, 461.
Pilsbry, H. A. (1919). "A review of the land mollusks of the Belgian Congo : chiefly based on the collections of the American Museum Congo Expedition, 1909-1915". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 40: 180.
Wenz, W. v. (1947). "Zur Taxonomie der Euthyneura". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 76 (1): 336.
Rowson, B.; Tattersfield, P. (2013). "Revision of Dadagulella gen. nov., the "Gulella radius group" (Gastropoda: Streptaxidae) of the eastern Afrotropics, including six new species and three new subspecies"". European Journal of Taxonomy (37): 1–46. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.37.
Gerlach, J (2001). "Conturbatia, a new genus of Streptaxidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata)". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 77 (2): 297–302. doi:10.1002/mmnz.20010770213.
Emberton, K. C. (2002). "Parvedentulina and edentate Gulella of Madagascar (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Streptaxidae)" (PDF). Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 131 (1/2): 67–165. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/131/2002/67.
Bequaert, J.; Clench, W. J. (1936). ""Studies of African land and fresh-water mollusks. Notes on Gonaxis Taylor, with description of a new species"". Journal of Conchology. 20. London: 263–273.
Further reading
Zilch, A (1961). "Die Typen und Typoide des Natur-Museums Senckenberg 24: Mollusca, Streptaxidae". Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 90: 79–120.
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