Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Heterobranchia
Infraclassis: Euthyneura
Cohors: Tectipleura
Subcohors: Panpulmonata
Superordo: Eupulmonata
Ordo: Stylommatophora
Subordo: Helicina
Infraordo: Limacoidei
Superfamilia: Trochomorphoidea
Familia: Staffordiidae
Genus (1): Staffordia
Name
Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931
References
Links
Staffordiidae in the World Register of Marine Species
Staffordiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea.[2]
Staffordiidae is the only family in the superfamily Staffordioidea. This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Staffordiidae is a poorly understood[3] family, because it occurs only in the Dafla Hills area of India. The fauna and flora of that area has not been researched sufficiently.[3]
Various sources consider the family Staffordiidae as part of Dyakiidae[4] or Ariophantidae/Dyakiinae.[5]
Distribution
The distribution of the Staffordiidae includes only India in the Dafla Hills.[3]
This area is close to northern margin of the Indian plate.[3] The historical area of origin of the Staffordiidae has not been researched because the coastal area in southern Asia where it is found became uninhabitable[3] after the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate collided 50 to 55 million years ago. The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be the Palaearctic region and south-eastern Asia.[3] Thus, it has been hypothesized that the Staffordiidae colonized its current area from the southern margin of the Asian part of the Eurasian Plate during the Oligocene period.[3]
Genera
Genera within the family Staffordiidae include:
Staffordia Godwin-Austen, 1907[6] – type genus of the family
Staffordia daflaensis (Godwin-Austen)[5]
Staffordia staffordi Godwin-Austen, 1907[5][6]
Staffordia toruputuensis Godwin-Austen[5]
The generic name Staffordia is in honor of Brigadier-General Stafford,[who?] who was in command of the punitive force which entered the Dafla Hills for the first time in the winter of 1874–1875.[6]
The foot of Staffordia is pointed.[6] The peripodial margin is simple with a narrow pale margin.[6] There are small right and left shell-lobes.[6]
Reproductive system of Staffordia: the dart-sac is small, globose, with a long cord-like attachment to a coronal gland.[6] The penis is simple.[6] The spermatheca is long.[6]
The radula of Staffordia has aculeate lateral teeth.[6]
Comparison of shells of three Staffordia species:
Staffordia daflaensis
type specimen of Staffordia staffordi is juvenile
type specimen of Staffordia toruputuensis is juvenile
Cladogram
Staffordiidae is considered a sister group of all other families in the limacoid clade.[3]
The following cladogram shows the phylogenic relationships of this family and superfamily to the other families within the limacoid clade:[3]
| limacoid clade |
|
References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[6]
Thiele J. (1931). Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde Fischer, Jena, 1(2): 632.
MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=994727 on 2021-02-22
Hausdorf B. (2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". Journal of Biogeography 27(2): 379–390. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00403.x, JSTOR.
Barker G. M. (2001) Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. 1–146. In: Barker G. M. (ed.) (2001) The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, cited pages: 139–144. ISBN 0-85199-318-4.
Ramakrishna, Dey A. & Mitra S. C. (PDF created 6 April 2010). "Checklist of Indian Land Mollusca" Archived 17 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Zoological Survey of India. accessed 30 June 2010. 65 pp.
Godwin-Austen H. H. (1907). Land and freshwater mollusca of India, including South Arabia, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Nepal, Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim, Malaya Peninsula, Ceylon and other islands of the Indian Ocean; Supplementary to Masers Theobald and Hanley's Conchologica Indica. Taylor and Francis, London. 2: page 184, plate CXIII.
Bouchet P., Rocroi J.P., Hausdorf B., Kaim A., Kano Y., Nützel A., Parkhaev P., Schrödl M. & Strong E.E. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1-2): 1-526
Further reading
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staffordiidae.
Schileyko A. A. (2003). "Treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate mollusks. 10. Ariophantidae, Ostracolethaidae, Ryssotidae, Milacidae, Dyakiidae, Staffordiidae, Gastrodontidae, Zonitidae, Daudebardiidae, Parmacellidae". Ruthenica, Supplement 2. 1309–1466.
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