Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Heterobranchia
Infraclassis: Euthyneura
Cohors: Tectipleura
Subcohors: Panpulmonata
SuperOrdo: Eupulmonata
Ordo: Ellobiida
Superfamilia: Ellobioidea
Familia: Otinidae
Subfamilia: Smeagolinae
Genus: Smeagol
Species (5): S. climoi – S. hilaris – S. manneringi – S. parvulus – S. phillipensis
Name
Smeagol Climo, 1980
Type Species: Smeagol manneringi Climo, 1980
ZooBank: 2EA4466F-30C2-4C52-9F9D-3A9546AB9D73
Fixation: original designation [see p. 515] [and monotypy]
References
Primary references
Climo, F.M. 1980. Smeagolida, a new order of gymnomorph mollusc from New Zealand based on a new genus and species. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 7(4): 513–522. GoogleBooks Reference page.
Additional references
Tillier, S. & Ponder, W.F. 1992. New species of Smeagol from Australia and New Zealand, with discussion of the affinities of the genus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Journal of Molluscan Studies 58(2): 135-155. DOI: 10.1093/mollus/58.2.135 Paywall. Reference page.
Links
Smeagol in the World Register of Marine Species
Smeagol is a genus of small air-breathing[2] sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone.[3] They are pulmonate gastropod mollusks related to land slugs and snails.
Analysis of DNA sequences has shown that Smeagol belongs in the family Ellobiidae, and is therefore closely related to ellobiid snails.[4]
Etymology
Smeagol was named after Gollum, a fictional character from Tolkien's legendarium
The name of the genus is in honour of Tolkien's fictional character Gollum, who was originally known as Sméagol.[1]
Taxonomy
There are five described species[5] and potentially one undescribed species from Tasmania[6] in the genus Smeagol:[5]
Smeagol climoi Tillier & Ponder, 1992
Smeagol hilaris Tillier & Ponder, 1992
Smeagol manneringi Climo, 1980
Smeagol parvulus Tillier & Ponder, 1992
Smeagol phillipensis Tillier & Ponder, 1992
Anatomy
Smeagol manneringi has no tentacles and is a very active blind animal with a size of up to 10 mm.[1]
Smeagol species have no shell. They have a weakly developed snout.[2] The radula is unicuspid[1] and the radular dentition is of the rhipidoglossate type.[2] They have a radular membrane of flexoglossate type.[2] They have no jaw.[1][2] They have salivary glands with salivary ducts.[2]
The excretory organs are only the left ones, in the pallial cavity.[2] In the circulatory system the haemolymph circulates as follows: mantle → nephridium or nephridia[clarification needed] → heart.[2]
These slugs breathe using a pallial lung.[1] They have a contractile pneumostome.[2]
They have a suprapedal gland.[2]
The number of chromosomes is unknown.[2] They have no sex chromosomes.[2]
Distribution
The genus Smeagol is so far restricted to New Zealand and Australia.[1] Smeagol manneringi is known from the south coast of Wellington, and in a possibly genetically distinct form from Kaikoura.[7]
Ecology
These slugs inhabit the upper intertidal zone on gravel substrate.[5]
The development of the veliger is completed in the egg (they do not have a trochophore larval stage).[2]
References
Climo, F. M. (1980). "Smeagolida, a new order of gymnomorph mollusc from New Zealand based on a new genus and species". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 7 (4): 513–522. doi:10.1080/03014223.1980.11760683.
Barker G. M. (2001) Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. 1-146. In: Barker G. M. (ed.) (2001) The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, cited pages: 52, 127-134. ISBN 0-85199-318-4.
Marshall, B.; Rosenberg, G. (2016). Smeagol Climo, 1980. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=551549 on 2017-09-13
Dayrat, Benoît; Conrad, Michele; Balayan, Shaina; White, Tracy R.; Albrecht, Christian; Golding, Rosemary; Gomes, Suzete R.; Harasewych, M.G.; Martins, António Manuel de Frias (2011). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of pulmonate gastropods (Mollusca): New insights from increased taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 59 (2): 425–437. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.02.014. PMID 21352933.
Tillier, S.; Ponder, W. F. (1992). "New species of Smeagol from Australia and New Zealand, with discussion of the affinities of the genus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 58 (2): 135–155. doi:10.1093/mollus/58.2.135.
West R. (February 2009). Proposed determination Smeagol hilaris, a marine slug, as a critically endangered species. Fisheries Scientific Committee, Ref. No. PD43, File No. FSC 09/01, 3 pp., PDF.
"Rare 'gravel maggot' found on remote West Coast beach". 1 News. 13 May 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
Further reading
Haszprunar, G.; Huber, G. (1990). "On the central nervous system of Smeagolidae and Rhodopidae, two families questionably allied with the Gymnomorpha (Gastropoda: Euthyneura)". Journal of Zoology. 220 (2): 185–199. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04302.x.
Romero, P. E.; Pfenninger, M.; Kano, Y.; Klussmann-Kolb, A. (2016). "Molecular phylogeny of the Ellobiidae (Gastropoda: Panpulmonata) supports independent terrestrial invasions". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 97: 43–54. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.12.014. PMID 26724408.
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