Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Bivalvia
Subclassis: Pteriomorphia
Ordo: Mytilida
Superfamilia: Mytiloidea
Familia: Mytilidae
Subfamilia: Mytilinae
Genus: Mytilus
Species: †M. buwaldana – M. californianus – M. edulis – M. galloprovincialis – †M. ochotensis – M. trossulus
Name
Mytilus Linnaeus, 1758
References
Additional references
Van Winkle, K.E.H. 1918. Paleontology of the Oligocene of the Chehalis Valley, Washington. University of Washington publications in geology 1(2)
Soot-Ryen, T. 1955. A report on the family Mytilidae (Pelecypoda). Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions 20(1): 1-174, Plates 1-10, Fig. 1-78. Online BHL. Reference page. [see page 18]
Mytilus is a cosmopolitan genus of medium to large-sized edible, mainly saltwater mussels, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Mytilidae.[1]
Mytilus mussel in California, showing the byssus threads
Description
Mussels have a gray to blue-purple, fully grown shell about 5 - 10 centimeters long with an elongated oval shape. They follow the general blueprint of the mussels. They consist of a right and left half of the shell, which are held together with an elastic lock strap (ligament). The shell is made up of 3 layers: the top layer of organic material (periostracum), the middle thick layer of lime (ostracum) and the innermost, valuable, silver-white shiny mother-of-pearl layer (hypostracum). In the shell of the mussel there are two gills with gill leaves that are well supplied with blood. Between the gills is a muscular foot with the byssus gland. With the help of the protein contained in the mussel and iron filtered from the sea, this gland produces the byssus threads with which the mussel can hold on. Mussels have a sphincter, which is located in the soft tissue of the mussel, as well as other organs (heart, stomach, intestines, kidneys). With the help of the sphincter muscle, the mussel can close in danger or dryness.
Species
Species within the genus Mytilus include:
Mytilus californianus Conrad, 1837 - California mussel
Mytilus coruscus Gould, 1861 = M. unguiculatus Valenciennes, 1858
the Mytilus edulis complex:
Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 - blue mussel, edible blue mussel
Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 - Mediterranean mussel
Mytilus planulatus Lamarck, 1826 - Australian blue mussel
Mytilus platensis d'Orbigny, 1842[2]
Mytilus chilensis Hupe, 1854 - Chilean blue mussel[3]
Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850 - foolish mussel
Numerous fossil species are known, the oldest dating to the Triassic.
Feeding
Mussels are filter feeders. They have two openings. The water enters the mantle cavity through the inflow opening, in which a permanent flow of water is generated by the eyelashes. The tiny food particles (plant and animal plankton) stick to the mucous layer of the gills. Then the eyelash hairs convey the mucus in the gills with the food particles to the mouth of the mussel and from there to the stomach and intestines, where the food is ultimately digested. The indigestible residues are expelled from the outflow opening with the respiratory water.
Reproduction
Each spring and summer, the females lay five to ten million eggs, which are then fertilized by the males. The fertilized egg cells become trochophoral larvae, 99.9 percent of which are eaten in the course of their four-week development into young mussels. Nevertheless, after this "selection" there are still around 10,000 young mussels left. These are about three millimeters in size and often drift around several hundred kilometers in the sea before they are about five centimeters in size in coastal regions with their byssus threads. The reason mussels live in such large colonies (also called banks) is because it gives the males a much greater chance of fertilizing eggs. After the larvae have developed freely floating as plankton for about four weeks, they attach themselves to stones, stakes, shill, sand and other mussels with byssus threads. They prefer the brackish water from estuaries and mud flats in the coastal regions.
Human use
Mytilus mussels are widely exploited as food and used in mariculture. For instance, in California, they have been consumed by coastal Native American people for almost 12 000 years.[4]
Antimicrobial peptides called Mytilin A and B have been isolated from M. galloprovincialis and M. edulis.[5]
References
Wikispecies has information related to Mytilus.
J. H McDonald, R. Seed and R.K. Koehn (1991) Allozymes and morphometric characters of three species of Mytilus in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Marine Biology 111: 323-333.
A.W.B. Powell, New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0-00-216906-1
Zbawicka, Małgorzata; Gardner, Jonathan P. A.; Wenne, Roman (2019-08-06). "Cryptic diversity in smooth-shelled mussels on Southern Ocean islands: connectivity, hybridisation and a marine invasion". Frontiers in Zoology. 16 (1): 32. doi:10.1186/s12983-019-0332-y. ISSN 1742-9994. PMC 6685288. PMID 31406494.
Zbawicka, Małgorzata; Trucco, María I.; Wenne, Roman (2018-02-22). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms in native South American Atlantic coast populations of smooth shelled mussels: hybridization with invasive European Mytilus galloprovincialis". Genetics Selection Evolution. 50 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/s12711-018-0376-z. ISSN 1297-9686. PMC 5824471. PMID 29471805.
Erlandson, Jon M., T.C. Rick, T.J. Braje, A. Steinberg, & R.L.Vellanoweth. 2008. Human Impacts on Ancient Shellfish: A 10,000 Year Record from San Miguel Island, California. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:2144-2152.
Mitta, G; Hubert, F; Dyrynda, EA; Boudry, P; Roch, P (2000). "Mytilin B and MGD2, two antimicrobial peptides of marine mussels: Gene structure and expression analysis". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 24 (4): 381–93. doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(99)00084-1. PMID 10736522.
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