Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Cephalopoda
Subclassis: Coleoidea
Cohors: Neocoleoidea
SuperOrdo: Decapodiformes
Ordo: Sepiolida
Familia: Idiosepiidae
Genera (2): Idiosepius – Xipholeptos
Name
Idiosepiidae Appellöf, 1898
Type Genus: Idiosepius Steenstrup, 1881.
References
Primary references
Appellöf, A. 1898. Cephalopoden von Ternate, 2: Untersuchungen über Idiosepius, Sepiadarium und verwandte formen, ein beitrag zur beleuchtung der heklokotylisation und ihrer systematischen bedeutung. Abhandlungen hrsg. von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 24(4): 570–637.
Additional references
Reid, A.L. & Strugnell, J. 2018. A new pygmy squid, Idiosepius hallami, n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from eastern Australia and elevation of the southern endemic 'notoides' clade to a new genus, Xipholeptos n. gen. Zootaxa 4369(4): 451–486. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.4.1 Reference page.
Idiosepiidae, also known as the pygmy squids, is a family of squids in the superorder Decapodiformes.[2][3] They are the smallest known squids.[3]
It is the only family in the monotypic order Idiosepida[4] and the monotypic superfamily Idiosepioidea.[5] Phylogenomic analyses have shown that species in the family Idiosepiidae are sister to all other Decapodiformes.[6]
Description
Idiosepiidae are the smallest known squids: males can grow to about 15 mm (0.6 in) and females to about 21 mm (0.8 in) in mantle length. The mantle is elongate, obovate to cigar-shaped, with its posterior margin bluntly pointed at the distal tip. Their internal chitinous shell is vestigial, and the dorsal surface of the mantle has a unique oval adhesive organ, which secretes a sticky substance and is used to attach itself to seaweed or seagrass blades.[7] The head is prominent while the arms are short. In males, both ventral arms are differentiated, but they are also different from each other.[3] Females are generally larger and achieve sexual maturity later than males.[8]
Distribution and ecology
Idiosepiidae have an Indo-west Pacific distribution, from South Africa in the west to Japan and Russia in the east.[3] They appear to be short-lived and have multiple generations per year. In temperate climates their population declines at the end of the warm season.[8] They generally live in shallow water among seagrass and mangroves. They often adhere themselves to substrate, enabling camouflage and concealment during the day. They are solitary. Mating is promiscuous with multiple matings. Young individuals are planktonic. They appear to be sit-and-wait predators.[3] They feed mainly on small crustaceans like Latreutes acicularis.[8]
Genera
The following genera are recognised in the family Idiosepiidae:[2]
Idiosepius Steenstrup, 1881
Kodama Reid, Sato, Jolly & Strugnell, 2023[9]
Xipholeptos Reid & Strugnell, 2018
References
Appellöf, A. (1898). "Cephalopoden von Ternate. 2. Untersuchungen über Idiosepius, Sepiadarium und verwandte Formen. Ein Beitrag zur Beleuchtung der Heklokotylisation und ihrer systematischen Bedeutung". Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. 24 (4): 570–637.
Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Idiosepiidae Appellöf, 1898". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
Reid, Amanda L. & Strugnell, Jan M. (2018). "A new pygmy squid, Idiosepius hallami n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from eastern Australia and elevation of the southern endemic 'notoides' clade to a new genus, Xipholeptos n. gen". Zootaxa. 4369 (4): 451–486. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4369.4.1. PMID 29689867.
Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Idiosepida". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O (eds.). "Idiosepioidea Appellöf, 1898". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
Anderson, Frank E.; Lindgren, Annie R. (2021-03-01). "Phylogenomic analyses recover a clade of large-bodied decapodiform cephalopods". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 156: 107038. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107038. ISSN 1055-7903.
Mollusca: Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Volum 17
Kasugai, Takashi; Segawa, Susumu (2005). "LIFE CYCLE OF THE JAPANESE PYGMY SQUID IDIOSEPIUS PARADOXUS (CEPHALOPODA: IDIOSEPIIDAE) IN THE ZOSTERA BEDS OF THE TEMPERATE COAST OF CENTRAL HONSHU, JAPAN". Phuket Mar. Biol. Cent. Res. Bull. (66): 249–258.
Amanda Reid, Noriyosi Sato, Jeffrey Jolly & Jan Strugnell. 2023. Two New Pygmy Squids, Idiosepius kijimuna n. sp. and Kodama jujutsu n. gen., n. sp. (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Marine Biology. 170: 167. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-023-04305-1
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