Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Cephalopoda
Subclassis: Coleoidea
Cohors: Neocoleoidea
SuperOrdo: Decapodiformes
Ordo: Teuthida
SubOrdo: Oegopsina
Familia: Gonatidae
Genera: Berryteuthis – Eogonatus – Gonatopsis – Gonatus
Name
Gonatidae Hoyle, 1886
References
Hoyle, W. E. 1886. Report on the Cephalopoda. Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76, Zoology, 16(44):1-245
Vernacular names
English: Armhook squid
The Gonatidae, also known as armhook squid, are a family of moderately sized squid. The family contains about 19 species in three genera, widely distributed and plentiful in cold boreal waters of the Pacific Ocean. At least one species is known from Antarctic waters, and two from the North Atlantic. The genus Eogonatus was created for the species known as Eogonatus tinro because it did not have hooks on the tentacular club and it has 5 rows of teeth on the radula. Molecular studies in allozymes and mitochondrial DNA have indicated that this species nests within the genus Gonatus,[3] although other authorities treat it as a synonym of Gonatopsis okutanii.[4]
Description
Oral view of Berryteuthis magister, showing the arrangement of suckers
Morphologically, armhook squid are fairly uniform: all species are characterised by the suckers of their arms, which are arranged in four rows (series) rather than the typical count of two. In most species, the arm's two mesial rows of suckers have been modified into hooks and the tentacular clubs—which are covered with many irregular rows of tiny suckers—may possess an enlarged central hook, with or without several smaller hooks. In the magister armhook squid (Berryteuthis magister), only the females possess hooks. Species of the genus Gonatus differ from the rest of the family (and from most squid) by their lack of tentacles as adults.
Only one species, the fiery armhook squid (Gonatus pyros), possesses photophores; these are located on the ventral periphery of the eyes.
Gonatids typically have muscular, cylindrical bodies with very soft, reddish to purplish-brown skin. The arms are thick and capable; the fins vary in shape and size, from sagittate and about 50% of the mantle length, to reniform and about 30% of the mantle length. Of moderate size, these squid range in size from 11 to 40 cm—most species are 25 cm or less. Females are somewhat larger than males.
Life history
Gonatus onyx on the Davidson Seamount at a depth of 1,328 m
Gonatus fabricii, the boreoatlantic armhook squid
These squid are pelagic, associated with the continental shelf and may roam as deep as 4,500 m or more, depending on the species. Their habits are poorly studied, but the squid are thought to undertake diel migration; by day, the squid remain in the blackness of the depths in midwater. By night, they ascend to the upper layers of the water column to feed by starlight. One species, however, Gonatopsis octopedatus, has curiously recurved arms, suggesting a benthic existence.
Little is known about the reproductive cycle of armhook squid. Most squid species whose reproduction has been observed have been seen to deposit eggs on the sea floor, then leave the eggs to hatch on their own. Five female Gonatus onyx squids have been observed in Monterey Canyon dragging a membrane sack containing 2,000 to 3,000 developing eggs.[5] It is uncertain if this behavior extends to other members of the family Gonatidae or if it is particular to this species.
Prey items include both benthic and pelagic species, including smaller fish, such as sculpins and juvenile pollock, crustaceans, including euphausiids and amphipods, and other squid. Cannibalism is also known to occur among the Gonatidae.[6]
Cetaceans are important predators of gonatids; Baird's beaked whale, the narwhal, the short-finned pilot whale, Dall's porpoise, and sperm whales are all known to feed upon them. Other predators include large seabirds, northern fur seals, elephant seals, and large fish, such as grenadiers, halibut and several species of salmon. In far southern waters, Weddell seals and southern fur seals, as well as several species of albatross and penguin, feed upon Gonatus antarcticus.
Species
Genus Berryteuthis
Berryteuthis anonychus, minimal armhook squid
Berryteuthis magister
Berryteuthis magister magister, magister armhook squid
Berryteuthis magister nipponensis
Berryteuthis magister shevtsovi
Genus Gonatopsis
Subgenus Boreoteuthis
Gonatopsis borealis, boreopacific armhook squid
Subgenus Gonatopsis
Gonatopsis japonicus
Gonatopsis makko, Makko armhook squid
Gonatopsis octopedatus
Gonatopsis okutanii *
Genus Gonatus
Gonatus antarcticus
Gonatus berryi, Berry armhook squid
Gonatus californiensis, California armhook squid
Gonatus fabricii, boreoatlantic armhook squid
Gonatus kamtschaticus
Gonatus madokai, Madokai armhook squid
Gonatus onyx, clawed armhook squid or black-eyed squid
Gonatus oregonensis, Oregon armhook squid
Gonatus pyros, fiery armhook squid
Gonatus steenstrupi, Atlantic armhook squid
Gonatus ursabrunae, brown bear armhook squid
The species listed above with an asterisk (*) is questionable and needs further study to determine if it is a valid species or a synonym.
References
"Statoliths of Cenozoic teuthoid cephalopods from North America | The Palaeontological Association". www.palass.org. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
Julian Finn (2016). "Gonatidae Hoyle, 1886". World Register of Marine Species. Flanders Marine Institute. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
P. Jereb; C.F.E. Roper, eds. (2010). Cephalopods of the World an Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Cephalopod Species Known to Date Volume 2 Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization Rome. p. 222. ISBN 978-92-5-106720-8.
Kubodera, Tsunemi; F. G. Hochberg; Richard E. Young & Michael Vecchione (2014). "Eogonatus Nesis, 1972". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
Seibel, BA; Robison BH; Haddock SH (December 15, 2005). "Post-spawning egg care by a squid". Nature. 438 (7070): 929. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..929S. doi:10.1038/438929a. PMID 16355206.
Hoving, H. J. T; Robinson, B. H. (2016). "Deep-sea in situ observations of gonatid squid and their prey reveal high occurrence of cannibalism". Deep Sea Research Part 1: Oceanographic Research Papers. 116: 94–98. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2016.08.001. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
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