Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Vetigastropoda
Ordo: Lepetellida
Superfamilia: Fissurelloidea
Familia: Fissurellidae
Subfamilia: Fissurellinae
Genus: Fissurella
Subgenera: F. (Clypidella) - F. (Cremides) - F. (Fissurella)
Species: F. afra – F. alabastrites – F. alba – F. arenicola – F. atrata – F. bravensis – F. bridgesi – F. cheullina – F. clenchi – F. darwini – F. emmanuelae – F. fischeri – F. flavida – F. formosa – F. gaillardi – F. gemmata – F. hedeia – F. lata – F. longifissa – F. nigrocincta – F. obovalis – F. ostrina – F. philippiana – F. pulchra – F. punctata – F. punctatissima – F. radiosa – F. rubropicta – F. salvatiana – F. schrammii – F. solida – F. spongiosa – F. subrostrata
Name
Fissurella Bruguière, 1789
Fissurella is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails or limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Fissurellinae of the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets.[2]
Description
The size of the body does not exceed or marginally exceeds that of the shell. The outer radular plate has four cusps. The propodium (= the anterior end of the foot) has no tentacles.
Ecology
Like all other fissurellids, Fissurella species are herbivores, using the radula to scrape up algae from the surface of rocks.
Water for respiration and excretion is drawn in under the edge of the shell and exits through the "keyhole" at the apex.
Species
According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species with accepted names are included within the genus Fissurella [3]
Fissurella crassa
Fissurella afra Quoy & Gaimard, 1834
Fissurella alabastrites Reeve, 1849
† Fissurella altior Meyer & Aldrich, 1896
Fissurella angusta (Gmelin, 1791)
† Fissurella apicifera Lozouet, 1999
Fissurella asperella Sowerby, 1835 West America
Fissurella barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella barbouri Pérez Farfante, 1943
Fissurella bravensis F. Salvat, 1967
Fissurella bridgesii Reeve, 1849
Fissurella clenchi Pérez Farfante, 1943
Fissurella coarctata King & Broderip, 1831
Fissurella costaria Deshayes, 1824
Fissurella costata Lesson, 1830 Southwest America
Fissurella crassa Lamarck, 1822 Arctic
Fissurella cumingi Reeve, 1849 Chile
Fissurella cyathulum Reeve, 1850
Fissurella decemcostata F. S. Mclean, 1970 West America
Fissurella deroyae F. S. Mclean, 1970 West America
Fissurella emmanuelae Métivier, 1970
Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck, 1822
Fissurella fischeri F. Salvat, 1967
Fissurella formosa F. Salvat, 1967
Fissurella gaillardi F. Salvat, 1967
Fissurella gemmata Menke. , 1847 West America
Fissurella hendrickxi Suárez-Mozo & Geiger, 2017
Fissurella latimarginata Sowerby, 1835 Chile
Fissurella limbata Sowerby I, 1835 Chile
Fissurella longifissa Sowerby, 1862
Fissurella macrotrema Sowerby, 1835 West America [4]
Fissurella maxima Sowerby I, 1835 West America
Fissurella mesoatlantica Simone, 2008
Fissurella microtrema Sowerby, 1835
Fissurella morrisoni F. S. Mclean, 1970 West America
Fissurella mutabilis Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella natalensis Krauss, 1848
Fissurella nigra Lesson, 1831
Fissurella nigrocincta Carpenter, 1856 West America
Fissurella nimbosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella nodosa (Born, 1778)
Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella obscura Sowerby I, 1835 West America
Fissurella oriens Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella peruviana Lamarck, 1822 Southeast Pacific
Fissurella peruviana occidens A. A. Gould , Southeast Pacific
Fissurella picta (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella pulchra Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella punctata Pérez Farfante, 1943
Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella radiosa radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella radiosa tixierae Métivier, 1969
† Fissurella rixfordi Hertlein, 1928
† Fissurella robusta Sowerby III, 1889
Fissurella rosea (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella rubropicta Pilsbry, 1890 West America
Fissurella salvatiana Christiaens, 1982
Fissurella savignyi Pallary, 1926
Fissurella schrammii Fischer, 1857
Fissurella spongiosa Carpenter, 1857 West America
† Fissurella stantoni C. L. Powell & Geiger, 2019
Fissurella subrostrata Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella vaillanti P. Fischer, 1865
Fissurella verna Gould, 1846
Fissurella virescens Sowerby I, 1835 West America
Fissurella volcano Reeve, 1849
Fissurella latimarginata
Fissurella maxima
Fissurella radiosa tixierae, apical view
Fissurella rubropicta
Fissurella virescens
The Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database adds the following species to the list [5]
Fissurella delicata Smith, 1899
Fissurella excelsa Adams & Reeve, 1850
Fissurella sibogae Schepman, 1908
The following species are also mentioned by Schooner specimen shells. This list may contain synonyms.
Fissurella gemmulata L. A. Reeve, 1850 Puerto Rico
Fissurella glaucopsis L. A. Reeve, 1850 Cape Verde
Fissurella humphreysi L. A. Reeve, 1850 Cape Verde
Fissurella nodosa crusoe Pérez Farfante, Trinidad
Species brought into synonymy
Fissurella aequalis G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Lucapinella aequalis (G.B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella affinis Gray in G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Fissurella peruviana Lamarck, 1822
Fissurella alba Philippi, 1845: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella alboradiata Turton, 1932: synonym of Fissurella mutabilis G. B. Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella alta C. B. Adams, 1852: synonym of Diodora alta (C. B. Adams, 1852)
Fissurella alternata Say, 1822: synonym of Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella aperta G.B. Sowerby I, 1825: synonym of Pupillaea aperta (Sowerby I, 1825)
Fissurella arcuata G. B. Sowerby II, 1862: synonym of Diodora arcuata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1862)
Fissurella arenicola Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella aspera Rathke, 1833: synonym of Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833)
Fissurella atrata Reeve, 1850: synonym of Fissurella picta (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella australis Philippi, 1845: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella australis Krauss, 1848: synonym of Diodora kraussi Herbert & Warén, 1999
Fissurella bella Reeve, 1849: synonym of Fissurella latimarginata G.B. Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella biradiata G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Fissurella latimarginata G.B. Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella bombayana G. B. Sowerby II, 1862: synonym of Diodora singaporensis (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella calyculata G. B. Sowerby I, 1823: synonym of Diodora calyculata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1823)
Fissurella canalifera G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869: synonym of Lucapinella canalifera (G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869)
Fissurella candida G. B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Diodora candida (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella cayenensis Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella chemnitzii G. B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Medusafissurella chemnitzii (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella cheullina Ramirez-Boehme, 1974: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella chilensis G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Fissurella costata Lesson, 1831
Fissurella cinnabrina Costa O.G., 1839: synonym of Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella clathrata Reeve, 1849: synonym of Diodora clathrata (Reeve, 1849)
Fissurella clypeiformis G.B. Sowerby I, 1825: synonym of Fissurella crassa Lamarck, 1822
Fissurella clypeus G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Fissurella peruviana Lamarck, 1822
Fissurella compressa Thiele, 1930: synonym of Amblychilepas compressa (Thiele, 1930)
Fissurella concatenata Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864: synonym of Cosmetalepas concatenata (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864)
Fissurella concinna Philippi, 1845: synonym of Fissurella maxima G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella corbicula Sowerby, 1862: synonym of Diodora corbicula (Sowerby, 1862)
Fissurella corrugata Costa O.G., 1839: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella cruciata Gould, 1846: synonym of Diodora cruciata (Gould, 1846)
Fissurella cruciata Krauss, 1848: synonym of Diodora cruciata (Gould, 1846)
Fissurella darwinii Reeve, 1849: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella depressa Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Fissurella crassa Lamarck, 1822
Fissurella digueti Mabille, 1895: synonym of Diodora digueti (Mabille, 1895)
Fissurella doellojuradoi Perez-Farfante, 1952: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella dominicana Costa O.G., 1839: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella dorsata Monterosato, 1878: synonym of Diodora dorsata (Monterosato, 1878)
Fissurella dozei Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella dubia Reeve, 1849: synonym of Amblychilepas dubia (Reeve, 1849)
Fissurella elevata Dunker, 1846: synonym of Diodora elevata (Dunker, 1846)
Fissurella exquisita Reeve, 1850: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella flavida Philippi, 1857: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella fluviana Dall, 1889: synonym of Diodora fluviana (Dall, 1889)
Fissurella fontainiana d'Orbigny, 1841: synonym of Diodora fontainiana (d'Orbigny, 1841)
Fissurella foresti F. Salvat, 1967: synonym of Fissurella salvatiana Christiaens, 1974
Fissurella fulvescens G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella fumata Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella funiculata Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora funiculata (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella galericulum Reeve, 1850: synonym of Fissurella latimarginata G.B. Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella gibba Philippi, 1836: synonym of Diodora gibberula (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella gibberula Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Diodora gibberula (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella graeca (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella grandis G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Fissurella nigra Lesson, 1831
Fissurella granifera Pease, 1861: synonym of Diodora granifera (Pease, 1861)
Fissurella grisea Reeve, 1849: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella hedeia Rochebrune & Mabille, 1885: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella henseli Martens, 1900: synonym of Lucapinella henseli (Martens, 1900)
Fissurella hiantula Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Dendrofissurella scutellum hiantula (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella hondurasensis Reeve, 1849: synonym of Fissurella maxima G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella huttoni Suter, 1906: synonym of Fissurella rosea (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella inaequalis G. B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Diodora inaequalis (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella incarnata Krauss, 1848: synonym of Dendrofissurella scutellum hiantula (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella incii Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora lineata (G.B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella indistincta Turton, 1932: synonym of Fissurella natalensis Krauss, 1848
Fissurella indusica Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora funiculata (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella italica Defrance, 1820: synonym of Diodora italica (Defrance, 1820)
Fissurella javanicensis Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Amblychilepas javanicensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella jukesii Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora jukesii (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella lanceolata Sowerby, 1862: synonym of Diodora corbicula (Sowerby, 1862)
Fissurella larva Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella lata G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Fissurella picta (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella lentiginosa Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora lentiginosa (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella lilacina Costa O.G., 1839: synonym of Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella lima G.B Sowerby II, 1862: synonym of Diodora lima (G.B. Sowerby II, 1862)
Fissurella lineata G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Diodora lineata (G.B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella mamillata Risso, 1826: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella mediterranea Gray J.E. in Sowerby G.B. I, 1835: synonym of Diodora italica (Defrance, 1820)
Fissurella melvilli G. B. Sowerby III, 1882: synonym of Medusafissurella melvilli (G. B. Sowerby III, 1882)
Fissurella menkeana Dunker, 1846: synonym of Diodora menkeana (Dunker, 1846)
Fissurella mexicana G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella miranda de Gregorio, 1885: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella miriga de Gregorio, 1885: synonym of Diodora dorsata (Monterosato, 1878)
Fissurella mondelloensis de Gregorio, 1885: synonym of Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella muricata Reeve, 1850: synonym of Fissurella picta (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella navicula Turton, 1932: synonym of Fissurella mutabilis G. B. Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella navidensis Ramirez-Boehme, 1974: synonym of Fissurella picta (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella neglecta Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Diodora italica (Defrance, 1820)
Fissurella nigra Philippi, 1845: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella nigriadiata Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora ruppellii (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella nigrita G. B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Amblychilepas nigrita (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella oblonga Ramirez-Boehme, 1974: synonym of Fissurella oriens G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella oblonga Menke, 1843: synonym of Amblychilepas oblonga (Menke, 1843)
Fissurella occidens Gould, 1846: synonym of Fissurella peruviana Lamarck, 1822
Fissurella occitanica Récluz, 1843: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella octagona Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora octagona (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella omicron Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864: synonym of Amblychilepas omicron (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864)
Fissurella panamensis G. B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Diodora panamensis (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella papudana Ramirez-Boehme, 1974: synonym of Fissurella peruviana Lamarck, 1822
Fissurella parviforata Sowerby III, 1889: synonym of Diodora parviforata (Sowerby III, 1889)
Fissurella philippiana Reeve, 1850: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella philippiana Dunker, 1846: synonym of Diodora philippiana (Dunker, 1846)
Fissurella philippii Hupé, 1854: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella philippii Requien, 1848: synonym of Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella pica G. B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Diodora pica (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella pileopsoides Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora pileopsoides (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella pluridenta Mabille, 1895: synonym of Diodora inaequalis (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella polygona G.B. Sowerby II, 1862: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella producta Monterosato, 1880: synonym of Diodora producta (Monterosato, 1880)
Fissurella punctatissima Pilsbry, 1890: synonym of Fissurella latimarginata G.B. Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella quadriradiata Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora quadriradiata (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella radiola Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Fissurella picta (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella recurvata Costa O.G., 1839: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella reticulata (Da Costa, 1778): synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella reticulata Liénard, 1877: synonym of Diodora ruppellii (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella rota Reeve, 1850: synonym of Fissurella mutabilis G. B. Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella rubiginosa Hutton, 1873: synonym of Radiacmea inconspicua (Gray, 1843)
Fissurella rudis Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Fissurella costata Lesson, 1831
Fissurella ruppelli G.B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Diodora rueppellii (G.B. Sowerby I, 1835)
Fissurella sagittata Reeve, 1849: synonym of Fissurella mutabilis G. B. Sowerby I, 1835
Fissurella saharica Locard, 1897: synonym of Diodora dorsata (Monterosato, 1878)
Fissurella salebrosa Reeve, 1850: synonym of Medusafissurella salebrosa (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella sayi Dall, 1889: synonym of Diodora sayi (Dall, 1889)
Fissurella sculpturata Turton, 1932: synonym of Diodora levicostata (E. A. Smith, 1914)
Fissurella scutellum Gray in G. B. Sowerby, 1835: synonym of Amblychilepas javanicensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella similis Sowerby, 1862: synonym of Diodora jukesii (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella singaporensis Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora singaporensis (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella solida Philippi, 1845: synonym of Fissurella maxima G.B. Sowerby I, 1834
Fissurella squamosa Hutton, 1873: synonym of Fissurella rosea (Gmelin, 1791)
Fissurella stellata Reeve, 1850: synonym of Fissurella cumingi Reeve, 1849
Fissurella subrotunda Deshayes, 1830: synonym of Fissurella peruviana Lamarck, 1822
Fissurella tanneri A. E. Verrill, 1882: synonym of Diodora tanneri (A. E. Verrill, 1882)
Fissurella tarnieri [sic]: synonym of Fissurella tanneri A. E. Verrill, 1882: synonym of Diodora tanneri (A. E. Verrill, 1882)
Fissurella tasmaniensis Bonnet, 1864: synonym of Amblychilepas javanicensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella tenuistriata Sowerby, 1862: synonym of Diodora singaporensis (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella ticaonica Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora ticaonica (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella tixierae Métivier, 1969: synonym of Fissurella radiosa Lesson, 1831
Fissurella townsendi Melvill, 1897: synonym of Diodora singaporensis (Reeve, 1850)
Fissurella trapezina G. B. Sowerby I, 1835: synonym of Amblychilepas javanicensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella variegata G.B. Sowerby II, 1862: synonym of Diodora variegata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1862)
Fissurella viminea Reeve, 1850: synonym of Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822)
Fissurella violacea Rathke, 1833: synonym of Fissurella nigra Lesson, 1831
Fissurella viridis Costa O.G., 1839: synonym of Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Fissurella vitoensis de Gregorio, 1885: synonym of Diodora italica (Defrance, 1820)
References
Bruguière J. G. (1789). Ency. Méth. (Vers), 1, xiv.
Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2012). Fissurella Bruguière, 1789. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138013 on 2013-01-14
WoRMS : Fissurella
"Fissurella virescens Sowerby, 1835". Charles Darwin Foundation - Galapagos. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
OBIS : Fissurella
McLean J.H. (1984) Systematics of Fissurella in the Peruvian and Magellanic faunal provinces (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 354: 1-70. (29 October 1984)
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
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