Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Cephalopoda
Subclassis: Coleoidea
Cohors: Neocoleoidea
SuperOrdo: Octopodiformes
Ordo: Octopoda
SubOrdo: Incirrata
Superfamilia: Octopodoidea
Familia: Enteroctopodidae
Genus: Enteroctopus
Species: E. dofleini – E. magnificus – E. megalocyathus – E. zealandicus
Name
Enteroctopus Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889
Vernacular names
English: Giant octopus
Enteroctopus is an octopus genus whose members are sometimes known as giant octopuses.
Etymology
The generic name Enteroctopus was created by Alphonse Tremeau de Rochebrune and Jules François Mabille in 1887 and published in 1889,[1] joining Ancient Greek ἔντερον 'gut' and ὀκτώπους, thus 'octopus [with arms similar to] guts.'[2]
Description
Enteroctopus is a genus of generally temperate octopuses. Members of this genus are characterized by their large size and are often known as giant octopuses. Enteroctopus species have distinct longitudinal wrinkles or folds dorsally and laterally on their bodies. Their heads are distinctly narrower than the mantle width. The hectocotylus of the males in this genus, found on the third right arm, is long and narrow in comparison with other genera in the family Octopodidae, often comprising one-fifth the length of the arm. Octopuses in this genus have large, paddle-like papillae instead of the more conical papillae in other octopus genera.[3][4]
Species
Genus Enteroctopus at present consists of four species, tabulated below:[5]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Enteroctopus dofleini | giant Pacific octopus | coastal North Pacific, along California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alaska, Russia, Japan, and the Korean Peninsula |
| Enteroctopus magnificus | southern giant octopus | waters off Namibia and South Africa. | |
 |
Enteroctopus megalocyathus | southern red octopus | southeastern coast of South America along the coasts of Argentina and Chile up to the Chiloé Archipelago, and the Falkland Islands. |
 |
Enteroctopus zealandicus | yellow octopus | waters surrounding New Zealand. |
Type species
E. membranaceus has often been regarded as type species of the genus, not because it was designated as such by Rochebrune and Mabille when they erected the genus, but because it was the first named species in the genus. Robson in his 1929 monograph of octopods regarded E. membranaceus as a species dubium because the original description was insufficient to identify an individual species, the holotype was an immature specimen, and the type specimen no longer existed.
As such, the genus was considered invalid until Hochberg resurrected it in 1998. Hochberg noted that Robson had considered E. membranaceus a junior synonym of E. megalocyathus, the second species assigned to the genus by Rochebrune and Mabille in their 1889 description. Additionally, since Rochebrune and Mabille did not actually assign type status to E. membranaceus, Hochberg concluded that Enteroctopus was indeed a valid genus and transferred type-species status to E. megalocyathus based on his conclusion that E. megalocyathus and E. membranaceus are the same species.[3]
Distribution
Range map of Enteroctopus species. E. dofleini in blue, E. megalocyathus in red, E. magnificus in yellow, and E. zealandicus in purple.
Species in the genus Enteroctopus are restricted to the temperate areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. E. dofleini is the only member of the genus found in the Northern Hemisphere, and also the most widely distributed: It is found from Southern California, along the North Pacific Rim to Japan, including the Okhotsk and Bering Seas.[3] The other three species are found in the Southern Hemisphere; E. megalocyathus occurs on the southeastern coast of South America,[6] E. magnificus on the southwestern coast of Africa from Namibia to Port Elizabeth, South Africa, and E. zealandicus in temperate New Zealand.[4]
Size
The member of this genus that best embodies the common name "giant octopus" is Enteroctopus dofleini, which holds the record of being the world's largest octopus based on direct measurements of a 71 kilograms (157 pounds) individual, weighed live.[7][a] This octopus had a total length near to 3.5 metres (11 feet). The remaining members of the genus are substantially smaller, with E. megalocyathus having an average mass of 4 kilograms (8.8 pounds) and reaching a total length of 1.0 metre (3.3 feet).[9][10] E. magnificus reaches a total length of around 1.5 metres (5 feet).[4]
See also
Giant squid
Colossal squid
Cephalopod size
Kraken
Lusca
Footnotes
The size record is held by an E. dofleini specimen that was 9 meters (30 feet) across and weighed more than 270 kilograms (600 pounds). Averages are more like 5 meters (16 feet) and 50 kilograms (110 pounds).[8]
References
Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2022). "Enteroctopus Rochebrune & Mabille, 1889". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
Rochebrune, Alphonse-Tremeau de; Mabille, Jules François (1889). Mission scientifique du cap Horn, 1882-1883 (in French and Latin). Paris: Gauthier-Vallars. p. 7. Retrieved 9 December 2022. "[...] brachiis longissimis, intestiniformibus [...]"
Hochberg, Frederick (Eric) George (1998). "Enteroctopus; Enteroctopus dofleini Wülker, 1910 new combination". In Valentich Scott, Paul; Blake, James A. (eds.). Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel. Vol. 8. Santa Barbara, CA: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. pp. 203–208. ISBN 0-936494-13-1.
Norman, M. (2003). Cephalopods: A world guide. Heckenhaim, Germany: Conch Books. pp. 213–216.
Norman, M. D.; Hochberg, Frederick George (2005). "The current state of octopus taxonomy". Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. Vol. 66. pp. 127–154.
"CephBase: Countries' exclusive economic zones with Enteroctopus megalocyathus". Archived from the original on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
Cosgrove, J. A. (1987). Aspects of the natural history of Octopus dofleini, the giant Pacific octopus. Department of Biology (M.Sc. thesis). Victoria, Canada: University of Victoria.
"Animals. Reference. Giant Pacific Octopus". National Geographic. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
Perez, M. C.; Lopez, D.A.; Aguila, K.; Gonzalez, M. L. (2006). "Feeding and growth in captivity of the octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus [Gould, 1852]". Aquaculture Research. 37: 550–555.
Gleadall, I. G.; Salcedo-Vargas, M. A. (2004). "Catalogue of the cephalopoda specimens in the zoology department of Tokyo University Museum". Interdisciplinary Information Sciences. 10: 113–142.
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