Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Cypriniformes
Superfamilia: Cobitoidea
Familia: Nemacheilidae
Genus: Triplophysa
Subgenera (4): Indotriplophysa – Labiatophysa – Qinghaichthys – Tarimichthys
Overview of species (137)
T. alexandrae – T. aliensis – T. alticeps – T. altipinnis – T. aluensis – T. angeli – T. anshuiensis – T. anterodorsalis – T. aquaecaeruleae – T. arnoldii – T. bashanensis – T. bleekeri – T. bombifrons – T. brachyptera – T. brahui – T. brevicauda – T. cakaensis – T. chandagaitensis – T. chondrostoma – T. choprai – T. coniptera – T. crassicauda – T. crassilabris – T. cuneicephala – T. dalaica – T. daqiaoensis – T. daochengensis – T. dingi – T. dongganensis – T. dorsalis – T. edsinica – T. eugeniae – T. farwelli – T. fengshanensis – T. flavicorpus – T. furva – T. fuxianensis – T. gejiuensis – T. gerzeensis – T. gracilis – T. grahami – T. griffithii – T. gundriseri – T. hazaraensis – T. herzensteini – T. hexiensis – T. heyangensis – T. hialmari – T. hsutschouensis – T. huanjiangensis – T. huapingensis – T. hutjertjuensis – T. incipiens – T. intermedia – T. jianchuanensis – T. jiarongensis – T. kafirnigani – T. kashmirensis – T. kaznakowi – T. kungessana – T. labiata – T. lacusnigri – T. lacustris – T. ladacensis – T. langpingensis – T. laterimaculata – T. laticeps – T. leptosoma – T. lihuensis – T. lixianensis – T. longianguis – T. longibarbata – T. longipectoralis – T. longliensis – T. macrocephala – T. macromaculata – T. macrophthalma – T. markehenensis – T. marmorata – T. microphthalma – T. microphysa – T. microps – T. minuta – T. moquensis – T. nandanensis – T. nanpanjiangensis – T. nasalis – T. nasobarbatula – T. naziri – T. ninglangensis – T. nujiangensa – T. obscura – T. obtusirostra – T. orientalis – T. papillosolabiata – T. pappenheimi – T. paradoxa – T. parvus – T. pedaschenkoi – T. polyfasciata – T. pseudoscleroptera – T. pseudostenura – T. qilianensis – T. qiubeiensis – T. robusta – T. rosa – T. rossoperegrinatorum – T. rotundiventris – T. scapanognatha – T. scleroptera – T. sellaefer – T. sewerzowi – T. shaanxiensis – T. shehensis – T. shilinensis – T. siluroides – T. stenura – T. stewarti – T. stoliczkai – T. strauchii – T. tanggulaensis – T. tenuicauda – T. tenuis – T. tianeensis – T. tibetana – T. trewavasae – T. turpanensis – T. ulacholica – T. venusta – T. waisihani – T. wulongensis – T. wuweiensis – T. xiangshuingensis – T. xiangxiensis – T. xichangensis – T. xingshanensis – T. xiqiensis – T. yajiangensis – T. yaopeizhii – T. yasinensis – T. yunnanensis – T. zaidamensis – T. zamegacephala – T. zhaoi – T. zhenfengensis
Name
Triplophysa Rendahl, 1933
Original status: Valid subgenus of Nemacheilus
Type species: Nemacheilus hutjertjuensis Rendahl, 1933
Synonyms
Deuterophysa (subgenus of Nemacheilus) Rendahl, 1933
Didymophysa Whitley, 1950
Diplophysa Kessler, 1874
Diplophysoides Fowler, 1958
Tauphysa (subgenus of Nemacheilus) Rendahl, 1933
References
Template:Rehndall, 1933
Chen, X.Y. & J.X. Yang 2005: Triplophysa rosa sp. nov.: a new blind loach from China. Journal of Fish Biology 666: 599–608. DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2005.00622.x. Full article: [1].
Chen, ZM; Li, WX; Yang, JX 2009: A new miniature species of the genus Triplophysa (Balitoridae: Nemacheilinae) from Yunnan, China. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 248: 85–91. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2009.02.001
Chen, S-J., Sheraliev, B., Shu, L. & Peng, Z-G. 2021. Triplophysa wulongensis, a new species of cave-dwelling loach (Teleostei, Nemacheilidae) from Chongqing, Southwest China. Zookeys 1026: 179–192. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1026.61570 Open access Reference page.
Li, J.-L. , N.-F. Liu & J.-X. Yang 2007: A brief review of Triplophysa (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) species from the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, China, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 1605: 47–58. Abstract: [2].
Prokofiev, A. M.; 2010: Morphological classification of loaches (Nemacheilinae). Journal of Ichthyology, 50 (10): 827–913.
Rendahl, H. 1933. Studien über innerasiatische Fische. Arkiv för Zoologi 25 A (pt. 2) (no. 11): 1–51. Reference page.
Wu, T-J., Wei, M-L., Lan, J-H. & Du, L-N. 2018. Triplophysa anshuiensis, a new species of blind loach from the Xijiang River, China (Teleostei, Nemacheilidae). ZooKeys 744: 67–77. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.744.21742. Reference page.
Xu & Wang 2009: A new species of Triplophysa from Shaanxi, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 34(2) : 381–384.
Zheng, L.-P. , L.-N. Du, X.-Y. Chen & J.-X. Yang 2009: A new species of Genus Triplophysa (Nemacheilinae: Balitoridae), Triplophysa longipectoralis sp. nov, from Guangxi, China. Environmental Biology of Fishes 85 (3): 221–227. DOI: 10.1007/s10641-009-9485-4. Abstract: http://www.springerlink.com/content/p175745g6534t464/].
Zhu, S.-Q.; 1981: Notes on the scaleless loaches (Nemachilinae, Cobitidae) from Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and adjacent territories in China. Pp. 1061-1070. In: Proc. Sympos. Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. Vol. 2. Environment and ecology of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Science Press, Peking; Gordon & Breach Science Publ., N. Y. 975-2138.
Links
Triplophysa and its species (including synonyms) in Catalog of Fishes, Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (eds.) 2022. Catalog of Fishes electronic version.
Vernacular names
中文: 高原鳅属
Triplophysa is a genus of fish in the family Nemacheilidae found mainly in and around the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China.[1] Currently, the genus is a mixed assemblage of species. Some lineages have been identified and treated as subgenera (Hedinichthys, Indotriplophysa, Labiatophysa, Qinghaichthys and Tarimichthys), but as Wikipedia follows Fishbase for fish species these have been treated as subgenera in Wikipedia, although Kottelat and the Catalog of Fishes treat them as genera.[2][3] FishBase, however, includes these in Triplophysa without specifying subgenera and treats the names given by Kottelat as synonyms.[4]
Ecology
Triplophysa zhaoi holds the record for the lowest altitude for Asian fish: it is found at 50 m (160 ft) below sea level in swamps of the Lükqün oasis, in the Turpan Depression in Xinjiang. In the other end, Triplophysa stolickai holds the record altitude for Asian fish: it is found at 5,200 m (17,100 ft) above sea level in hot springs near the Longmu Lake in western Tibet.[2] Triplophysa dalaica has been used as model species to study adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia and 13 positively selected genes involved in hypoxia response have been identified.[5] Some species are blind cave-dwellers.[1][6]
Species
There are currently 132 recognized species in this genus:[2]
Triplophysa alexandrae Prokofiev, 2001
Triplophysa aliensis (Y. F. Wu & S. Q. Zhu, 1979)
Triplophysa alticeps (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa altipinnis Prokofiev, 2003
Triplophysa aluensis W. X. Li & Z. G. Zhu, 2000
Triplophysa angeli (P. W. Fang, 1941)
Triplophysa anshuiensis Wu, Wei, Lan, Du, 2018[7]
Triplophysa anterodorsalis S. Q. Zhu & W. X. Cao, 1989
Triplophysa aquaecaeruleae Prokofiev, 2001
Triplophysa arnoldii Prokofiev, 2006
Triplophysa bashanensis T. Q. Xu & K. F. Wang, 2009
Triplophysa bellibarus (T. L. Tchang, T. H. Yueh & H. C. Hwang, 1963)
Triplophysa bleekeri (Sauvage & Dabry de Thiersant, 1874)
Triplophysa brachyptera (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa brahui (Zugmayer, 1912)
Triplophysa brevibarba R. H. Ding, 1993
Triplophysa brevicauda (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa cakaensis W. X. Cao & S. Q. Zhu, 1988
Triplophysa chondrostoma (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa choprai (Hora, 1934)
Triplophysa coniptera (Turdakov, 1954)
Triplophysa crassicauda (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa crassilabris R. H. Ding, 1994
Triplophysa cuneicephala (T. H. Shaw & T. L. Tchang, 1931)
Triplophysa dalaica (Kessler, 1876)
Triplophysa daochengensis Y. Y. Wu, Z. Y. Sun & Y. S. Guo, 2016 [8]
Triplophysa daqiaoensis R. H. Ding, 1993
Triplophysa dongganensis J. Yang, 2013 [9]
Triplophysa dorsalis (Kessler, 1872) (Gray loach)
Triplophysa dorsonotata (Kessler, 1879)
Triplophysa eugeniae (Prokofiev, 2002)
Triplophysa farwelli (Hora, 1935)
Triplophysa fengshanensis J. H. Lan, 2013 [9]
Triplophysa ferganaensis Sheraliev & Peng, 2021 (Fergana stone loach)[10]
Triplophysa flavicorpus J. X. Yang, X. Y. Chen & J. H. Lan, 2004
Triplophysa furva S. Q. Zhu, 1992
Triplophysa fuxianensis J. X. Yang & X. L. Chu, 1990
Triplophysa gejiuensis (X. L. Chu & Y. R. Chen, 1979)
Triplophysa gerzeensis W. X. Cao & S. Q. Zhu, 1988
Triplophysa gracilis (F. Day, 1877)
Triplophysa grahami (Regan, 1906)
Triplophysa griffithii (Günther, 1868)
Triplophysa grummorum Prokofiev, 2010
Triplophysa gundriseri Prokofiev, 2002
Triplophysa herzensteini (Berg, 1909)
Triplophysa hexiensis (T. Q. Zhao & X. T. Wang, 1988)
Triplophysa heyangensis S. Q. Zhu, 1992
Triplophysa hialmari Prokofiev, 2001
Triplophysa hsutschouensis (Rendahl (de), 1933)
Triplophysa huanglongensis Gao, 1992
Triplophysa huanjiangensis J. Yang, T. J. Wu & J. H. Lan, 2011
Triplophysa huapingensis L. P. Zheng, J. X. Yang & X. Y. Chen, 2012 [11]
Triplophysa hutjertjuensis (Rendahl (de), 1933)
Triplophysa incipiens (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa intermedia (Kessler, 1876)
Triplophysa jianchuanensis L. P. Zheng, L. N. Du, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2010 (Jianchuan stone loach)
Triplophysa jiarongensis Y. Lin, C. Li & J. K. Song, 2012 [12]
Triplophysa kafirnigani (Turdakov, 1948)
Triplophysa kashmirensis (Hora, 1922) [13]
Triplophysa kaznakowi Prokofiev, 2004
Triplophysa kullmanni Bănărescu, Nalbant & Ladiges, 1975
Triplophysa kungessana (Kessler, 1879)
Triplophysa labiata (Kessler, 1874) (Plain thick-lip loach)
Triplophysa lacusnigri (L. S. Berg, 1928)
Triplophysa lacustris J. X. Yang & X. L. Chu, 1990
Triplophysa langpingensis J. Yang, 2013 [9]
Triplophysa laterimaculata J. L. Li, N. F. Liu & J. X. Yang, 2007
Triplophysa laticeps W. Zhou & G. H. Cui, 1997
Triplophysa leptosoma (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa lihuensis T. J. Wu, J. Yang & J. H. Lan, 2012 [14]
Triplophysa lixianensis C. L. He, Z. B. Song & E. Zhang, 2008
Triplophysa longianguis Y. F. Wu & C. Z. Wu, 1984
Triplophysa longibarbata (Y. R. Chen, J. X. Yang, Sket & Aljančič, 1998)
Triplophysa longipectoralis L. P. Zheng, L. N. Du, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2009
Triplophysa longliensis Q. Ren, J. X. Yang & X. Y. Chen, 2012 [15]
Triplophysa macrocephala J. Yang, T. J. Wu & J. X. Yang, 2012 [16]
Triplophysa macromaculata J. X. Yang, 1990
Triplophysa macrophthalma S. Q. Zhu & Q. Z. Guo, 1985
Triplophysa macropterus (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa markehenensis (S. Q. Zhu & Y. F. Wu, 1981)
Triplophysa marmorata (Heckel, 1838) [13]
Triplophysa microphysa (P. W. Fang, 1935)
Triplophysa microps (Steindachner, 1866)
Triplophysa microphthalma (Kessler, 1879)
Triplophysa minuta (Li, 1966)
Triplophysa moquensis R. H. Ding, 1994
Triplophysa nandanensis J. H. Lan, J. X. Yang & Y. R. Chen, 1995
Triplophysa nasalis (Kessler, 1876) (incertae sedis but probably belongs in this genus)
Triplophysa nanpanjiangensis (S. Q. Zhu & W. X. Cao, 1988)
Triplophysa nasobarbatula D. Z. Wang & D. J. Li, 2001
Triplophysa ninglangensis Y. F. Wu & C. Z. Wu, 1988
Triplophysa nujiangensa X. Y. Chen, G. H. Cui & J. X. Yang, 2004
Triplophysa obscura X. T. Wang, 1987
Triplophysa obtusirostra Y. F. Wu & C. Z. Wu, 1988
Triplophysa orientalis (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa papillosolabiata (Kessler, 1879)
Triplophysa pappenheimi (P. W. Fang, 1935)
Triplophysa paradoxa (Turdakov, 1955)
Triplophysa parvus Z. M. Chen, W. X. Li & J. X. Yang, 2009
Triplophysa polyfasciata R. H. Ding, 1996
Triplophysa pseudoscleroptera (S. Q. Zhu & Y. F. Wu, 1981)
Triplophysa pseudostenura C. L. He, E. Zhang & Z. B. Song, 2012 [17]
Triplophysa qilianensis W. J. Li, X. C. Chen & Y. P. Hu, 2015 [18]
Triplophysa qiubeiensis W. X. Li & H. F. Yang, 2008
Triplophysa robusta (Kessler, 1876)
Triplophysa rosa X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2005
Triplophysa rotundiventris (Y. F. Wu & Yuan Chen, 1979)
Triplophysa scapanognatha Prokofiev, 2007
Triplophysa scleroptera (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa sellaefer (Nichols, 1925)
Triplophysa sewerzowi (G. V. Nikolskii, 1938) (Severtsov’s loach)
Triplophysa shaanxiensis J. X. Chen, 1987
Triplophysa shilinensis Y. R. Chen & J. X. Yang, 1992
Triplophysa shiyangensis (T. Q. Zhao & X. T. Wang, 1983)
Triplophysa siluroides (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa stenura (Herzenstein, 1888)
Triplophysa stewarti (Hora, 1922)
Triplophysa stolickai (Steindachner, 1866) (Tibetan stone loach)
Triplophysa strauchii (Kessler, 1874) (Spotted thick-lip loach)
Triplophysa tanggulaensis (S. Q. Zhu, 1982)
Triplophysa tenuicauda (Steindachner, 1866)
Triplophysa tenuis (F. Day, 1877)
Triplophysa tianeensis X. Y. Chen, G. H. Cui & J. X. Yang, 2004
Triplophysa tianxingensis H. F. Yang, W. X. Li & Z. M. Chen, 2016 [19]
Triplophysa tibetana (Regan, 1905)
Triplophysa turpanensis Y. F. Wu & C. Z. Wu, 1992
Triplophysa ulacholica (V. P. Anikin, 1905) (Issyk-kul naked loach)
Triplophysa uranoscopus (Kessler, 1872)
Triplophysa venusta S. Q. Zhu & W. X. Cao, 1988
Triplophysa waisihani L. Cao & E. Zhang, 2008
Triplophysa wuweiensis (S. C. Li & S. Y. Chang, 1974)
Triplophysa xiangshuingensis W. X. Li, 2004
Triplophysa xiangxiensis (G. Y. Yang, F. X. Yuan & Y. M. Liao, 1986)
Triplophysa xichouensis Liu, Pan, Yang & Chen, 2017[20]
Triplophysa xichangensis S. Q. Zhu & W. X. Cao, 1989
Triplophysa xingshanensis (G. R. Yang & C. X. Xie, 1983)
Triplophysa xiqiensis R. H. Ding & Q. Lai, 1996
Triplophysa yajiangensis S. L. Yan, Z. Y. Sun & Y. S. Guo, 2015 [21]
Triplophysa yaopeizhii T. Q. Xu, C. G. Zhang & B. Cai, 1995
Triplophysa yarkandensis (F. Day, 1877) (Kashgarian loach)
Triplophysa yasinensis (Alcock, 1898)
Triplophysa yunnanensis J. X. Yang, 1990
Triplophysas zaidamensis (Kessler, 1874)
Triplophysa zamegacephala (T. Q. Zhao, 1985)
Triplophysa zhaoi Prokofiev, 2006
Triplophysa zhenfengensis D. Z. Wang & D. J. Li, 2001
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triplophysa.
Chen, X.-Y.; Yang, J.-X. (2005). "Triplophysa rosa sp. nov.: a new blind loach from China". Journal of Fish Biology. 66 (3): 599–608. doi:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00622.x.
Kottelat, M. (2012). "Conspectus_cobitidum.pdf Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei)" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement No. 26: 1–199.
Eschmeyer, W.N. (30 Aug 2016). "Catalog of Fishes". California Academy of Sciences.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2016). Species of Triplophysa in FishBase. June 2016 version.
Wang, Y.; Yang, L.; Wu, B.; Song, Z.; He, S. (2015). "Transcriptome analysis of the plateau fish (Triplophysa dalaica): Implications for adaptation to hypoxia in fishes". Gene. 565 (2): 211–220. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.023. PMID 25869933.
Romero, A.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, X. (2009). "The Hypogean fishes of China". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 86 (1): 211–278. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9441-3. S2CID 41778476.
Wu, Tie-Jun; Wei, Mu-Lan; Lan, Jia-Hu; Du, Li-Na (2018). "Triplophysa anshuiensis, a new species of blind loach from the Xijiang River, China (Teleostei, Nemacheilidae)". ZooKeys (744): 67–77. doi:10.3897/zookeys.744.21742. PMC 5904374. PMID 29670445. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
Wu, Y.-Y.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Guo, Y.-S. (2016). "A new species of the genus Triplophysa (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae), Triplophysa daochengensis, from Sichuan Province, China". Zoological Research. 37 (5): 290–296. PMC 5071342. PMID 27686788.
Lan, J., Gan, X., Wu, T. & Yang, J. (2013). Cave Fishes of Guangxi, China. Science Press. p. 284. ISBN 9787030376589.
Sheraliev, Bakhtiyor; Peng, Zuogang (2021). "Triplophysa ferganaensis, a new loach species from Fergana Valley in Central Asia (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)". Journal of Fish Biology. 99 (3): 807–817. doi:10.1111/jfb.14764. PMID 33900620. S2CID 233397542. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
Zheng, L.-P.; Yang, J.-X.; Chen, X.-Y. (2012). "A new species of Triplophysa (Nemacheilidae: Cypriniformes), from Guangxi, southern China". Journal of Fish Biology. 80 (4): 831–841. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03227.x. PMID 22471802.
Lin, Y.; Li, C.; Song, J.-K. (2012). "A new species of troglobitic loach (Cypriniformes, Balitoridae), Triplophysa jiarongensis, from Guizhou, China". Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 37 (3): 640–647.
Bashir, A.; Bisht, B.S.; Mir, J.I.; Kumar, R.; Patiyal, R.S. (2016). "Morphological, molecular characterization and taxonomic status of Triplophysa marmorata and Triplophysa kashmirensis (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) from Kashmir valley, India". Revista de Biología Tropical. 64 (2): 473–482. doi:10.15517/rbt.v64i2.19591. PMID 29451748.
Wu, T.-J.; Yang, J.; Lan, J.-H. (2012). "A New Blind Loach Triplophysa lihuensis sp. nov. (Teleostei: Balitoridae) from Guangxi, China" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 51 (6): 874–880.
Ren, Q.; Yang, J.-X.; Chen, X.-Y. (2012). "A new species of the genus Triplophysa (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae), Triplophysa longliensis sp. nov., from Guizhou, China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3586: 187–194. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3586.1.17.
Yang, J.; Wu, T.-J.; Yang, J.-X. (2012). "A new cave-dwelling loach, Triplophysa macrocephala (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Balitoridae), from Guangxi, China". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 93 (2): 169–175. doi:10.1007/s10641-011-9901-4. S2CID 16873696.
He, C.; Zhang, E.; Song, Z. (2012). "Triplophysa pseudostenura, a new nemacheiline loach (Cypriniformes: Balitoridae) from the Yalong River of China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3586: 272–280. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3586.1.26.
Li, W.-J.; Chen, X.-C.; Hu, Y.-P. (2015). "A new species of the genus Triplophysa (Nemacheilinae), Triplophysa qilianensis sp. nov., from Qinghai, China" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3905 (3): 418–424. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3905.3.7. PMID 25661219.
Yang, H.-F.; Li, W.-X.; Chen, Z.-M. (2016). "A new cave species of the genus Triplophysa from Yunnan, China". Zoological Research. 37 (5): 297–300. doi:10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2016.5.296. PMC 5071343. PMID 27686789.
Liu, S. W.; Pan, X. F.; Yang, J. X.; Chen, X. Y. (2017). "A new cave-dwelling loach, Triplophysa xichouensis sp. nov. (Teleostei Nemacheilidae) from Yunnan, China". Journal of Fish Biology. 90 (3): 834–846. doi:10.1111/jfb.13201. ISSN 0022-1112. PMID 28155227.
Yan, S.-L.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Guo, Y.-S. (2015). "A new species of Triplophysa Rendahl (Cypriniformes, Nemacheilidae) from Sichuan Province, China". Zoological Research. 36 (5): 299–304. PMC 4771960. PMID 26452694.
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