Spicara smaris

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea

Familia: Centracanthidae
Genus: Spicara
Species: Spicara smaris
Name

Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original combination: Sparus smaris

Synonyms

Maena smaris, (Linnaeus, 1758)
Smaris alcedo, (Risso, 1810)
Smaris gracilis, (Bonaparte, 1836)
Smaris maurii, (Bonaparte, 1836)
Smaris smaris, (Linnaeus, 1758)
Smaris vulgaris, (Valenciennes, 1830)
Sparus alcedo, (Risso, 1810)
Spicara alcedo, (Risso, 1810)

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 278. Reference page.
Spicara smaris in the World Register of Marine Species
ITIS
fishbase.org

Vernacular names
беларуская: Смарыда звычайная
català: Gerret
English: Picarel
español: Zerro
hrvatski: Gira oblica
polski: Pysoń smukły
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Gira oblica
українська: Смарида звичайна

Spicara smaris, one of the picarels, is a species of ray-finned fish native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. It grows to a maximum length of about 20 cm (8 in); females are usually smaller than males.

Description

Spicara smaris grows to a maximum length of 20 cm (8 in) but a more common maximum size is 15 cm (6 in). It is a more slender fish than the closely related blotched picarel (Spicara maena) and can be distinguished from that species by having 75–81 scales along the lateral line rather than 68–70. Its back is grey-brown and it has silvery flanks with a large black spot located above the tip of the pectoral fin. Male fish are usually larger than females and have small blue spots scattered across the dorsal and anal fins.[3]
Distribution and habitat

Spicara smaris is native to the subtropical eastern Atlantic Ocean including the coasts of Portugal, the Canary Islands and Morocco, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.[4] It is usually found in seagrass meadows and over sandy and muddy seabeds. Its depth range is generally 15 to 170 m (49 to 558 ft) but it has been recorded at depths of 328 m (1,076 ft) in the eastern Ionian Sea.[1]
Biology

Spicara smaris is a sociable fish, forming large groups with others of its species.[1] It is a protogynous sequential hermaphrodite, individuals maturing as females and becoming males at some later point.[5] All individuals over about 17.9 cm (7.0 in) are male and the maximum age for a male is six years while for a female it is four.[6] Breeding takes place once a year and the colour of a male becomes brighter at this time. The male will scoop out a nest in soft sediment in which the female will lay eggs. The male then guards these until they hatch, after which time his bright colours fade and he rejoins other schooling fish.[5]
Classification

Spicara smaris was removed from the family Centracanthidae and placed in family Sparidae in 2014.[1]
As food

Spicara smaris is a popular food in parts of southern Italy, Dalmatia, and Greece.[7] In Dalmatia, salted picarel, slana gira, are popular.[7] Picarel is one of the five most commonly caught fish in Cyprus.[8] In Greece and Cyprus, picarel, marida, is generally battered and fried, and eaten whole, including the head, tail, and bones.[9]
References

"Spicara smaris". FishBase. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
Bailly, Nicolas (2013). "Spicara smaris (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
Kramm, N. (2008). "Picarel (Spicara smaris)". Archipelagos Wildlife Library. Archipelagos, Institute of Marine Conservation. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
"Spicara smaris". Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
"Reproduction of Spicara smaris". FishBase. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
Dulčić, J.; Pallaoro, A.; Cetinić, P.; Kraljević, M.; Soldo, A.; Jardas, I. (2003). "Age, growth and mortality of picarel, Spicara smaris L. (Pisces: Centracanthidae), from the eastern Adriatic (Croatian coast)". Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 19 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0426.2003.00345.x.
Alan Davidson, Mediterranean Seafood, ISBN 0140461744, 1972, p. 108
UN FAO, MedFisis, "The present status of fishery and information system in Cyprus", GCP/INT/918/EC-TCP/INT/2904/TD-4.2 [1], section 8.1
Cyprus Ministry of Tourism, "Marida", The Official Portal of Cyprus Tourism [2]