Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea
Familia: Centracanthidae
Genus: Spicara
Species: Spicara maena
Spicara maena ( Anders Finn Jørgensen, Spicara maena, CC BY-SA 2.0 )
Name
Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original combination: Sparus maena
Synonyms
Maena chryselis (Valenciennes, 1830)
Maena jusculum Cuvier, 1829
Maena maena (Linnaeus, 1758)
Maena osbechii Valenciennes, 1830
Maena osbeckii Valenciennes, 1830
Maena vomerina Valenciennes, 1830
Maena vulgaris Valenciennes, 1830
Merolepis chryselis (Valenciennes, 1830)
Merolepis maena (Linnaeus, 1758)
Smaris cagarella Cuvier, 1829
Smaris chryselis Valenciennes, 1830
Smaris gagarella Valenciennes, 1830
Smaris maena (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sparus osbeck Lacepède, 1802
Sparus tricuspidatus Spinola, 1807
Sparus zebra Brünnich, 1768
Spicara chryselis (Valenciennes, 1830)
Spicara flexuosa Rafinesque, 1810
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 278. Reference page.
Spicara maena in the World Register of Marine Species
Vernacular names
Ελληνικά: Μαίνουλα
español: Chucla
polski: pysoń wygrzbiecony
Türkçe: Beyazgöz
Spicara maena, the blotched picarel, is a species of ray-finned fish native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The male grows to a maximum length of about 25 cm (10 in), and the female reaches 21 cm (8 in). This fish is fished commercially in some areas.[3]
Genetic studies have confirmed that Spicara flexuosa is a separate species, not a synonym for Spicara maena[4][5]
Description
Spicara maena is a fairly deep-bodied fish, with males reaching a maximum length of about 25 cm (10 in) and females 21 cm (8 in).[6] The upper jaw is protrusible and the mouth contains several rows of small teeth.[7] The single dorsal fin has eleven spines and twelve soft rays and the anal fin has three spines and nine or ten soft rays.[7] There are sixty-eight to seventy scales on the lateral line.[6] This fish is blue-grey above with silvery sides and a scattering of small dark spots. There is usually one large dark blotch above the tip of the pectoral fin.[6] Spicara maena is a rather variable species. It has many synonyms across its wide range and is often confused with the common picarel Spicara smaris.[3]
Distribution and habitat
Spicara maena is found in the Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. Its Atlantic range extends from Morocco and the Canary Islands northwards to Portugal. Its depth range is about 30 to 90 m (98 to 295 ft). It lives near the seabed over sandy and muddy bottoms and in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadows.[8]
Biology
Several Spicara maena
Spicara maena is a gregarious fish that moves in schools and feeds on small benthic invertebrates[7] and zooplankton. It is a protogynous hermaphrodite, starting life as a female and later changing into a male.[8] In a study in the Gulf of İzmir in the Aegean Sea by Soykan and colleagues it was found that there are almost five times as many females as males and that the change of sex on average takes place within the length range 14.5 to 15 cm (5.7 to 5.9 in) and that all fish longer than 18 cm (7.1 in) are male.[3] A study off the eastern central coast of the Adriatic Sea by Dulčić and colleagues found that the sex conversion on average happened between 17.5 and 18 cm (6.9 and 7.1 in) and that any fish longer than 19.8 cm (7.8 in) were male.[9] The females become mature at the age of two years and spawning takes place between March and June in the Aegean,[3] and between August and October further west in the Mediterranean. The male digs a hollow on the seabed and the female lays eggs with a sticky surface in this nest.[7]
References
Pollard, D.; Carpenter, K.E. & Russell, B. (2014). "Spicara maena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T170280A1307759. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170280A1307759.en.
Bailly, Nicolas (2013). "Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
Soykan, O; İlkyaz, A. T.; Metin, G.; Kinacigil, H. T. (2010). "Growth and reproduction of blotched picarel (Spicara maena Linnaeus, 1758) in the central Aegean Sea, Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 34: 453–459. doi:10.3906/zoo-0903-29.
Bektas Y., Aksu I., Kalayci G., Irmak E., Engin S., Turan D. Genetic differentiation of three Spicara (Pisces: Centracanthidae) species, S. maena, S. flexuosa and S. smaris: and intraspecific substructure of S. flexuosa in Turkish coastal waters (англ.) // Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. — 2018. — Vol. 18, no. 2. — P. 301—311. — DOI:10.4194/1303-2712-v18_2_09
Imsiridou A., Minos G., Gakopoulou A., Katsares V., Karidas T., Katselis G. Discrimination of two picarel species Spicara flexuosa and Spicara maena (Pisces: Centracanthidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences (англ.) // J. Fish Biol.. — 2011. — Vol. 78, no. 1. — P. 373—377. — DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02858.x
"Spicara maena". Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
Kramm, N. (2008). "Blotched Picarel (Spicara maena)". Archipelagos Wildlife Library. Archipelagos, Institute of Marine Conservation. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
Luna, Susan M. "Spicara maena (Linnaeus, 1758): Blotched picarel". FishBase. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
Dulčić, Jakov; Kraljević, Miro; Grbec, Branka; Cetinić, Perica (2000). "Age, growth and mortality of blotched picarel Spicara maena L. (Pisces: Centracanthidae) in the eastern central Adriatic". Fisheries Research. 48 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(00)00112-0.
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