Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: incertae sedis
Familia: Siganidae
Genus: Siganus
Species: Siganus stellatus
Name
Siganus stellatus (Forsskål, 1775)
Vernacular names
русский: Звездчатый сиган
Siganus stellatus, the brown-spotted spinefoot, brown-spotted rabbitfish, honeycomb rabbitfish, starspotted spinefoot, starspotted rabbitfish or stellate rabbitfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Taxonomy
Siganus stellatus was first formally described in 1775 as Scarus stellatus by the Swedish-speaking Finnish explorer and naturalist Peter Forsskål with the type locality given as Jeddah in modern Saudi Arabia. Forsskål’s description was published posthumously by, Carsten Niebuhr, a fellow member and only survivor of the Danish Arabia expedition (1761–67), in his Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr.[3] The specific name stellatus means “ covered with stars”, this is thought to be a reference to the small, closely set, dark brown to black hexagonal spots which cover the body and the caudal fin.[4]
Subspecies
Siganus stellatus has two recognised subspecies which are:[2]
Siganus stellatus stellatus (Forsskål, 1775) - Red Sea, Indian Ocean and Western Pacific Ocean
Siganus stellatus laqueus von Bonde, 1934 - Red Sea and the Indian Ocean
However, these subspecies are sympatric over the Indian Ocean and other authorities consider that laqueus is a valid species. If accepted Siganus laqueus was first formally described in 1934 by the South African zoologist, fisheries scientist and oceanographer Cecil von Bonde with its type locality given as the west coast of Zanzibar.[3] The specific name laqueus means “trap” or “snare”, in Swahili this fish is called chafi uzia which means “fish trap” as it is often caught using fish traps.[4]
Description
Siganus stellatus has a deep and laterally compressed body which has a depth which fits 2 to 2.3 times into its standard length. The dorsal profile of the head is almost a straight line and has an angle of around 45° between the forehead and the snout while the ventral profile of the head has a slight indentation under the chin. In juveniles the front nostril has a long triangular flap but this is reduced to a low rim in adults. There is a recumbent spine to the front of the dorsal fin.[5] Like all rabbitfishes, the dorsal fin has 13 spines and 10 soft rays while the anal fin has 7 spines and 9 soft rays. The fin spines hold venom glands.[2] The caudal fin is emarginate but slowly becomes deeply forked as the fish grows.[5] This species attains a maximum total length of 40 cm (16 in), although 35 cm (14 in) is more typical.[2] The body is covered in small closely set dark brown to black spots separated by a white background creating a "honeycomb pattern", there are black spots on the fins while the caudal fin and the rear edges of dorsal and anal fins have a whitish margin, They frequently show a light, whitish to yellowish saddle mark on the caudal peduncle.[6] In the subspecies S. s. laqueus the background colour of the body is greyish green with the head and the body covered with dark brown spots.[2]
Distribution and habitat
Siganus stellatus is found from the Red Sea south to South Africa and through the Indian Ocean into the Pacific Ocean where it reaches Singapore.[5] In Australian territory it is known only from the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.[6] This Species can be found seagrass beds, seaward reefs and lagoons at depths between 1 and 30 m (3 ft 3 in and 98 ft 5 in).[1] The juveniles are known to enter weedy estuarine habitats.[2]
Biology
Siganus stellatus grazes on benthic macroalgae. The adults live in pairs while subadults and juveniles form schools.[2] There appears to be some seasonality in the breeding with sudden peaks of numbers of juveniles occurring during summer.[1] This species produces venom in the spines of its fins.[2] In a study of the venom of a congener it was found that rabbitfish venom was similar to the venom of stonefishes.[7]
Fisheries
Siganus stellatus is caught in fish traps in Kenya and Tanzania and with spears throughput it’s range.[1]
References
Carpenter, K.E.; Jiddawi, N.; Borsa, P.; Obota, C.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F.; Yahya, S. (2018). "Siganus stellatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T117007235A117008793. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T117007235A117008793.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Siganus stellatus" in FishBase. June 2021 version.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Siganus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
D.J. Woodland (2001). "Siganidae". In Carpenter, K.E. and Niem, V.H. (eds.). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammal (PDF). FAO Rome. p. 3644. ISBN 92-5-104587-9.
Dianne J. Bray. "Siganus stellatus". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
Kiriake A; Ishizaki S; Nagashima Y; Shiomi K (2017). "Occurrence of a stonefish toxin-like toxin in the venom of the rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens". Toxicon. 140: 139–146. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.015. PMID 29055787.
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