Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: incertae sedis
Familia: Siganidae
Genus: Siganus
Species: Siganus luridus
Name
Siganus luridus (Rüppell, 1829)
Vernacular names
русский: Смуглый сиган
The dusky spinefoot (Siganus luridus), also known the squaretail rabbitfish,is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is native to the western Indian Ocean which has spread to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration). Its fin spines contain venom. It is regarded as a food fish.
Taxonomy
The dusky spinefoot was first formally described in 1829 as Amphacanthus luridus by the German naturalist and explorer Eduard Rüppell with the type locality given as the Red Sea.[3] The specific name luridus means “pale yellow”, this name was given to it by the collector of the type specimen, Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, According to Achille Valenciennes in 1835, Ehrenberg described the colour of the body as yellowish-brown, with numerous very thin pale yellow lines. However, Rüppell said that the colour was bluish black with some irregular, paler spots and a yellowish ring around pupil in his description.[4]
Description
The dusky spinefoot has a compressed body which Has a depth which fits into its standard length 2.1 to 2.8 times. There is a single row of incisor-like teeth in the jaws, each with 1 or 2 lateral cusps.[5] The dorsal fin contains 13-14 spines and 10 soft rays while the anal fin has 7 spines and 9 soft rays.[2] The caudal fin is truncate.[5] This species attains a maximum total length of 30 cm (12 in), although 20 cm (7.9 in) is more typical.[2] The colour is variable, it is normally olive green to dark brown with a mottled pattern. The pectoral fins are hyaline-yellow and there are dark bars on the caudal fin[5]
Distribution and habitat
The dusky spinefoot is found on the coast of East Africa from Mozambique northwards into the Red Sea and its range includes the Comoros, Madagascar, and the Mascarene Islands. Its presence in the Persian Gulf needs to be confirmed.[1] This species first arrived in the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal in 1955 (and has become successfully established in the eastern Mediterranean It has expanded westwards as far as the French Mediterranean coast and the northern Adriatic Sea.[6] It is found at depths between 2 and 40 m (6 ft 7 in and 131 ft 3 in) in waters over hard substrates, such as coral and rocky reefs.[1]
Biology
The dusky spinefoot spawns in April and from June to August when the seawater temperature is between 24 and 29 °C (75 and 84 °F), the eggs and larvae are planktonic. The larvae stay close to the surface where they feed on phytoplankton and zooplankton from 3 days old. The adults are herbivores which are active during the day, hiding in cavities during the hours of darkness. They are frequenbtly encountered in schools but solitary individuals can also be seen, grazing on algae from the substrate. It feeds on larger brown algae species, as well as other macrophytes.[6]
Venom
This species produces venom in the spines of its fins.[6] In a study of the venom of a congener it was found that rabbitfish venom was similar to the venom of stonefishes.[7] This species has been observed stopping suddenly. erecting the dorsal, anal and pelvic to present a potential threat with an array of venomous spines around its body.[2]
Predators and parasites
The venomous spines are used for defence against predators so the highest predation ppressure is on the planktonic and larval stages.[6] Known parasites of the dusky spinefoot included the monogenean Glyphidohaptor plectocirra and Tetrancistrum polymorphum as well as the digeneans Hexangium brayi, Hexangium sigani and Progyliauchen magnacetabulum.[8]
Utilisation
The dusky spinefoot is caught using set fish traps, gillnets and beach seines, the catch is sold as fresh fish. This species has become an important species for fisheries in the Mediterranean while i other areas, such as Kenya, it is a bycatch.[1] This species has been implicated in cases of mild ciguatera like poisoning when consumed.[9]
References
Obota, C.; Carpenter, K.E.; Borsa, P.; Jiddawi, N.; Yahya, S.; Smith-Vaniz, W.F. (2018). "Siganus luridus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T18178550A46663979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T18178550A46663979.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Siganus luridus" in FishBase. June 2021 version.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Siganus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 January 2021). "Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
J.C. Hureau. "Dusky Spinefoot (Siganus luridus)". Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Marine Species Identification Portal. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
"Siganus luridus dusky spinefoot". CABI. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
Kiriake A; Ishizaki S; Nagashima Y; Shiomi K (2017). "Occurrence of a stonefish toxin-like toxin in the venom of the rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens". Toxicon. 140: 139–146. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.015. PMID 29055787. S2CID 205439876.
Nicolas Bailly (2008). "Siganus luridus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
A. Herzberg (1973). "Toxicity of Siganus luridus (Rüppell) on the Mediterranean coast of Israel". Aquaculture. 2: 89–91. doi:10.1016/0044-8486(73)90127-0.
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