Scorpaena scrofa (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Ordo: Scorpaeniformes
Subordo: Scorpaenoidei
Familia: Scorpaenidae
Subfamilia: Scorpaeninae
Genus: Scorpaena
Species: Scorpaena scrofa
Name
Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
Scorpaena lutea Risso, 1810
Scorpaena natalensis Regan, 1906
Scorpaenopsis natalensis (Regan, 1906)
Sebastapistes scorfa (Linnaeus, 1758)
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 266. Reference page.
Scorpaena scrofa in the World Register of Marine Species
Vernacular names
asturianu: Tiñosu
català: Cap-roig
corsu: Capponu
Deutsch: Großer Roter Drachenkopf
Ελληνικά: Κόκκινος σκορπιός, Σκορπίνα
English: Red scorpionfish
español: Cabracho
euskara: Krabarroka
français: Rascasse rouge
galego: Escarapote
hrvatski: Škarpina
italiano: Scorfano rosso
Malti: Skorfna
Nederlands: Rode schorpioenvis
polski: Skorpena pospolita
română: Scorpie de mare
русский: Золотистая скорпена
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Škarpina
slovenščina: Rdeča bodika
svenska: Havssugga
Türkçe: Lipsoz
українська: Скорпена червона
Tiếng Việt: Scorpaena scrofa
Scorpaena scrofa, the red scorpionfish, bigscale scorpionfish, large-scaled scorpion fish,[4] or rascasse is a venomous marine species of ray-finned fish in the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes.[2] It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and the western Indian Ocean.
Taxonomy
Scorpaena scrofa was first formally described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae in which he gave the type localities as the Mediterranean Sea at Rome and Marseille.[5] The specific name scrofa means "a breeding sow" in Latin, presumed to derive from scrofano and scrofanello, which are Italian names for the black scorpionfish (S. porcus) and this species, similar to the Old English "hogfish", possible an allusion to Renaissance mistranslations of Athenaeus' observation that scorpionfishes fed on algae or weed, that led to the belief that these fishes live and feed on mud.[6]
Description
Scorpaena scrofa is the largest eastern Atlantic scorpion fish.[7] Its colouration ranges from brick red to a light pink, and it has dark-coloured blotches on its body. It has venomous spines, and can achieve a maximum weight around 3 kg (6.6 lb).[3] It can grow to a maximum length of 50 cm (20 in), but is commonly around 30 cm (12 in).[3]
It has 12 dorsal spines, 9 dorsal soft rays, three anal spines, and five soft rays. It often has a dark spot on its spinous dorsal spines between the 6th and 11th.[3][8] It has long supraorbital tentacles.
Distribution
Scorpaena scrofa is found in the Mediterranean Sea. It is also found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean around the British Isles, where it is rare, south to Senegal, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde.[3] It is also found from Namibia south and east along the coast of South Africa into the western Indian Ocean, its otherwise circum-African distribution is interrupted between Guinea and Namibia where it is apparently replaced by the spotted-fin scorpionfish (S. stephanica). In the Indian Ocean the northern most record is from the Gulf of Aqaba and, given its occurrence elsewhere in the western Indian Ocean, it is thought that this record is unlikely to be the result of anti-Lessepsian migration from the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal.[9]
Habitat
Scorpaena scrofa is demersal and lives in marine and brackish environments with rocky, sandy, or muddy bottoms at depths of 20–500 m (66–1,640 ft).[3] By day, it lives in burrows and caves. At night it comes out to hunt.[7]
Behaviour
Scorpaena scrofa is a sedentary, solitary, and nonmigratory fish. It is predatory, feeding on other fish, as well as crustaceans and molluscs.[3] This is one of the fish used by the marine leech Pontobdella muricata as a host.[10]
As food
Scorpaena scrofa is a traditional ingredient in Marseille bouillabaisse. It is also widely used in Japanese cuisine.
References
Nunoo, F.; Poss, S.; Bannermann, P. & Russell, B. (2015). "Scorpaena scrofa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T198748A15592127. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198748A15592127.en. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758. 15 January 2019. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Scorpaena scrofa" in FishBase. August 2021 version.
"Marine Species Identification Portal : Large-scaled scorpion fish - Scorpaena scrofa". Species-identification.org. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Scorpaena". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (2 October 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 9): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Family Scorpaenidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
"Scorpaena scrofa". Malawicichlidhomepage.com. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
Greece. "Red Scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa) | Archipelago Wildlife Library". Wildlife-archipelago.gr. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
Fricke, Ronald; Golani, Daniel; Appelbaum-Golani, Brenda; and Zajonz, Uwe (2020). "New record of the Red scorpionfish, Scorpaena scrofa (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) from deep waters off Israel, Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea". Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria. 50 (3): 357–362. doi:10.3750/AIEP/02861. S2CID 225333388.
"Pontobdella muricata Linnaeus, 1758". SeaLifeBase. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
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