Schizothorax

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Cypriniformes
Subordo: Cyprinoidei

Familia: Cyprinidae
Subfamilia: Schizothoracinae
Genus: Schizothorax
Subgenera: S. (Schizothorax) – S. (Racoma) – S. (Schizopyge)

Species (not subdivided into subgenera): S. argentatus – S. beipanensis – S. biddulphi – S. chivae – S. chongi – S. cryptolepis – S. curvilabiatus – S. davidi – S. dolichonema – S. dulongensis – S. edeniana – S. elongatus – S. esocinus – S. eurystomus – S. gongshanensis – S. grahami – S. griseus – S. heteri – S. heterochilus – S. heterophysallidos – S. huegelii – S. integrilabiatus – S. kozlovi – S. kumaonensis – S. labiatus – S. labrosus – S. lantsangensis – S. lepidothorax – S. leukus – S. lissolabiatus – S. longibarbus – S. macrophthalmus – S. macropogon – S. malacanthus – S. meridionalis – S. microcephalus – S. microstomus – S. molesworthi – S. myzostomus – S. nasus – S. nepalensis – S. ninglangensis – S. nudiventris – S. nukiangensis – S. oconnori – S. oligolepis – S. parvus – S. pelzami – S. plagiostomus – S. prenanti – S. progastus – S. prophylax – S. pseudoaksaiensis issykkuli – S. pseudoaksaiensis pseudoaksaiensis – S. ramzani – S. raraensis – S. richardsonii – S. rotundimaxillaris – S. sinensis – S. skarduensis – S. waltoni – S. wangchiachii – S. yunnanensis paoshanensis – S. yunnanensis weiningensis – S. yunnanensis yunnanensis – S. zarudnyi
Name

Schizothorax Heckel, 1838

Type species: Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel, 1838
Synonyms

Aspiostoma Nikolskii, 1897
Englottogaster Gistel, 1848
Opistocheilos Bleeker, 1860
Oreinus (subgenus of Barbus) McClelland, 1838
Paraschizothorax Bleeker, 1863
Paraschizothorax Tsao, 1964
Paratylognathus Sauvage, 1880
Racoma McClelland & Griffith in McClelland, 1842
Schizopyge Heckel, 1847
Schizothoraichthys Misra, 1962
Tetrostichodon Tchang, Yueh & Hwang, 1964

Vernacular names
English: Snow carps
References

Heckel, J.J. 1838: Fische aus Caschmir gesammelt und herausgegeben von Carl Freiherrn von Hügel, beschrieben von J. J. Heckel. Wien. 1-86, Pls. 1-12. Reference page.

Schizothorax is a genus of cyprinid fish found in southern and western China, through northern South Asia (Himalaya) and Central Asia, to Iran, with a single species, S. prophylax, in Turkey.[1][2][3] They are primarily found in highland rivers, streams and lakes, although a few species occur in lower-lying locations, like Lake Balkhash and lakes of the Sistan Basin.[1][2][4][5] Their scientific name means "cloven-breast", from Ancient Greek schízeïn (σχίζειν) 'to cleave' and thórax (θώραξ) 'breast-plate' (see also thorax). The western species are typically referred to as marinkas from their Russian name marinka (маринка), while the eastern species are usually called snowtrout. Although they do resemble trouts in habitus this is merely due to convergent evolution and they are by no means closely related apart from both being Teleostei: Cyprinids are in the teleost superorder Ostariophysi, while trouts are in the superorder Protacanthopterygii. Their ancestors must thus have diverged as early as the Triassic, more than 200 million years ago.

Schizothorax is a part of the schizothoracines (snowtrout and allies), which also includes the genera Aspiorhynchus, Chuanchia, Diptychus, Gymnodiptychus, Gymnocypris, Oxygymnocypris, Platypharodon, Ptychobarbus, Schizopyge and Schizopygopsis.[6] The last two were formerly often included in the present genus, and their delimitation is still not entirely clear. In any case, the genus Schizothorax (and other "snowtrouts") are in turn related to such cyprinids as the typical barbels (Barbus sensu stricto and the doubtfully distinct Luciobarbus and Messinobarbus), Carasobarbus, Labeobarbus, Aulopyge and Cyprinion. They were thus placed in the subfamily Barbinae, which is quite paraphyletic however and thus here merged with the Cyprininae at least for the largest part (including the marinkas), becoming its junior synonym in the process.[7]
Species
Schizothorax curvifrons
Schizothorax plagiostomus
Schizothorax waltoni

There are currently 65 recognized species in this genus:[1]

Schizothorax argentatus Kessler, 1874 (Balkhash marinka)
Schizothorax beipanensis J. Yang, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2009
Schizothorax biddulphi Günther, 1876
Schizothorax chivae Arunkumar & Alphonsa Moyon, 2016[8]
Schizothorax chongi (P. W. Fang, 1936)
Schizothorax cryptolepis T. Y. Fu & M. R. Ye, 1984
Schizothorax curvifrons Heckel, 1838 (Sattar snowtrout)
Schizothorax curvilabiatus (Wu & Tsao, 1992)
Schizothorax davidi (Sauvage, 1880)
Schizothorax dolichonema Herzenstein, 1889
Schizothorax dulongensis S. Y. Huang, 1985
Schizothorax edeniana McClelland, 1842
Schizothorax elongatus S. Y. Huang, 1985
Schizothorax esocinus Heckel, 1838 (Chirruh snowtrout)
Schizothorax eurystomus Kessler, 1872
Schizothorax gongshanensis W. H. Tsao, 1964
Schizothorax grahami (Regan, 1904)
Schizothorax griseus Pellegrin, 1931
Schizothorax heteri J. Yang, L. P. Zheng, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2013[9]
Schizothorax heterochilus M. R. Ye & T. Y. Fu, 1986
Schizothorax heterophysallidos J. Yang, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2009
Schizothorax huegelii Heckel, 1838
Schizothorax integrilabiatus (Wu et al., 1992)
Schizothorax kozlovi A. M. Nikolskii, 1903
Schizothorax kumaonensis Menon, 1971 (Kumaon snowtrout)
Schizothorax labiatus (McClelland, 1842) (Kunar snowtrout)
Schizothorax labrosus Y. H. Wang, D. D. Zhuang & L. C. Gao, 1981
Schizothorax lantsangensis W. H. Tsao, 1964
Schizothorax lepidothorax J. X. Yang, 1991
Schizothorax leukus J. Yang, L. P. Zheng, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2013[9]
Schizothorax lissolabiatus W. H. Tsao, 1964
Schizothorax longibarbus (P. W. Fang, 1936)
Schizothorax macrophthalmus Terashima, 1984 (Nepalese snowtrout)
Schizothorax macropogon Regan, 1905
Schizothorax malacanthus S. Y. Huang, 1985
Schizothorax meridionalis W. H. Tsao, 1964
Schizothorax microcephalus F. Day, 1877
Schizothorax microstomus S. Y. Huang, 1982
Schizothorax molesworthi (B. L. Chaudhuri, 1913) (Blunt-nosed snowtrout)
Schizothorax myzostomus W. H. Tsao, 1964
Schizothorax nasus Heckel, 1838 (Dongu snowtrout)
Schizothorax nepalensis Terashima, 1984
Schizothorax ninglangensis Y. H. Wang, K. X. Zhang & D. D. Zhuang, 1981
Schizothorax nudiventris J. Yang, X. Y. Chen & J. X. Yang, 2009
Schizothorax nukiangensis W. H. Tsao, 1964
Schizothorax oconnori Lloyd, 1908
Schizothorax oligolepis S. Y. Huang, 1985
Schizothorax parvus W. H. Tsao, 1964
Schizothorax pelzami Kessler, 1870 (Transcaspian marinka)
Schizothorax plagiostomus Heckel, 1838
Schizothorax prenanti (T. L. Tchang, 1930)
Schizothorax progastus (McClelland, 1839) (Dinnawah snowtrout)
Schizothorax prophylax Pietschmann, 1933 (Eğirdir marinka)
Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis Herzenstein, 1889 (Ili marinka)
Schizothorax ramzani (Javed, Ullah & Pervaiz, 2012)[10]
Schizothorax raraensis Terashima, 1984 (Rara snowtrout)
Schizothorax richardsonii (J. E. Gray, 1832) (Common snowtrout)
Schizothorax rotundimaxillaris Y. F. Wu & C. Z. Wu, 1992
†Schizothorax saltans Regan, 1905
Schizothorax sinensis Herzenstein, 1889
Schizothorax skarduensis Mirza & A. A. Awan, 1978
Schizothorax waltoni Regan, 1905
Schizothorax wangchiachii (P. W. Fang, 1936)
Schizothorax yunnanensis Norman, 1923
Schizothorax zarudnyi (A. M. Nikolskii, 1897)

References

Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2019). Species of Schizothorax in FishBase. May 2019 version.
Yang, J.; J.X. Yang; and X.Y. Chen (2012). A re-examination of the molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Schizothorax (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through enhanced sampling, with emphasis on the species in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, China. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 50(3). doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00661.x
Coad, B.W.; and N.K.d. Ville (2004). On the systematics and distribution of the snow trout Schizothorax pelzami Kessler, 1870, in Iran (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae). Zoology in the Middle East 32(1): 57-62. doi:10.1080/09397140.2004.10638044
Hammer, U.T. (1986). Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World, p. 458. DR.W.Junk Publishers. ISBN 90-6193-535-0
Coad, B.; and J. Hales (2008). Helmand - Sistan. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
Qi, D.; Y. Chao; S. Guo; L. Zhao; T. Li; F. Wei; and X. Zhao (2012). Convergent, Parallel and Correlated Evolution of Trophic Morphologies in the Subfamily Schizothoracinae from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. PLoS ONE 7(3): e34070. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034070
De Graaf, M.; Megens, H.-J.; Samallo, J.; Sibbing, F.A. (2007). "Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation". Animal Biology. 57 (1): 39–48. doi:10.1163/157075607780002069.
Arunkumar, L. & Alphonsa Moyon, W. (2016): Schizothorax chivae, a new schizothoracid fish from Chindwin basin, Manipur, India (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies, 3 (2): 65-70.
Yang, J., Zheng, L.-P., Chen, X.-Y. & Yang, J.-X. (2013): Description of two new species and revision of Schizothorax distributed in the Irrawaddy drainage area in China. Zoological Research, 34 (4): 361-367.
Javed, M.N., Azizullah & Pervaiz, K. (2012): Racoma ramzani, A New Snow Carp (Teleostei: Cyprinidae: Schizothoracinae) From Pakistan. Biologia (Pakistan), 58 (1-2): 175-178.