Sarpa salpa

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Spariformes

Familia: Sparidae
Genus: Sarpa
Species: Sarpa salpa
Name

Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original combination: Sparus salpa

References

Laamiri, S. 2014: New observations on Myxozoa of the goldline sea bream Sarpa salpa L. 1758 (Teleostei: Sparidae) from the Mediterranean coast of Tunisia. Zootaxa 3887(2): 157–190. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3887.2.3 Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 280. Open access Reference page.
Sarpa salpa in the World Register of Marine Species

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Strepie
català: Salpa
Deutsch: Goldstrieme
Ελληνικά: Σάλπα
English: Salema
español: Salema
euskara: Salpa
français: Saupe
hrvatski: Salpa
italiano: Salpa
lietuvių: Sarpa
Nederlands: Gestreepte bokvis
polski: Salpa
português: Salema
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Salpa
slovenščina: Salpa
svenska: Salpa
українська: Сарпа
中文: 叉牙鯛

The salema porgy (Sarpa salpa), also known as the dreamfish, salema, cow bream, karanteen, salpa, saupe, strepie or goldline, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Sarpa. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and southwestern Indian Ocean. This species has been known to cause ichthyoallyeinotoxism when eaten.
Taxonomy

The salema porgy was first formally described as Sparus salpa in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, no type locality was given but it is presumed to be the Mediterranean.[5] In 1831 Charles Lucien Bonaparte classified Sparus sarpa in a monotypic section of the genus Box.[6] The genus Rhabdosargus is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[7] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae,[3] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[7]
Etymology

The salema porgy has the genus name Sarpa which is the local name for this fish in Genoa. The specific name salpa is a modern Greek rendering of the Ancient Greek salpe or salpes, which dates back at least to Aristotle.[8]
Description

The salema porgy has a moderately slender, neatly oval body which has a depth which fits into its standard length 2.8 times. The dorsal fin is supported by 11 spines and 14 or 15 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and between 13 and 15 soft rays. There are scales on the cheeks under the eyes. There is a scaly sheath at the base of the anal fin but the area between the eyes, the base of the anal fin and the flange of the preoperculum are scaleless. There is a single row of notched incisor-like teeth on the upper jaw and pointed incisor-like teeth on the lower jaw, and there are no molar-like teeth. The body is silvery with between 8 and 10 horizontal golden lines along the sides with a black spot at the base of the pectoral fin.[9]

Males are typically 15 to 30 cm (6–12 in) in length, while females are usually 31 to 45 cm (12–18 in).[10] The maximum size is 51 cm (20 in).[11]
Distribution

The salema porgy is found in the East Atlantic, where it ranges from the Bay of Biscay to South Africa, as well as in the Mediterranean.[11] It has occasionally been found as far north as Great Britain.[12] It is generally common and found from near the surface to a depth of 70 m (230 ft).[1]
Biology

Salema porgies are largely vegetarian; a study in Libya found that sea grass dominated the diet, with algae being the second most important item and crustaceans the third.[13] Off Corsica, the seagrass Posidonia oceanica and its epiphytes were found to be the main food of adults while the juveniles were plankton eaters.[14]

Off South Africa spawning takes place between April and September and there is an annual migration between nursery areas in the Eastern and Western Cape to KwaZulu-Natal. This species is a protandrous hermaphrodite.[15] In the northern hemisphere, the spawning season in the Canary Islands was found to extend from September to March.[16] Off Italy the change from male to female took place between total lengths of 24 and 31 cm (9.4 and 12.2 in) and this corresponded to a ages between 3 and 7 years. The size when sexual maturity was reached by half of the fish was 19.5 cm (7.7 in), and most of these fishes were males. There were two separate spawning seasons in this population one in the spring, running between March and May, and a second in autumn, from the end of September to November.[17]
Consumption and toxicity
Baked salemas

The vegetarian diet of the saupe makes it almost impossible to fish with a rod, its modest size and its living areas also making it not very vulnerable to fishing with a net or harpoon. This is why this fish is rare on plates and practically not sold. The soup is practically no longer consumed except in France, Israel and Tunisia.

Sarpa salpa became widely known for its ichthyoallyeinotoxic effects following widely publicized articles in 2006, when two men ingested it at a Mediterranean restaurant and began to experience many auditory and visual hallucinogenic effects.[18] These hallucinations, described as frightening, were reported to have occurred two hours after the fish was ingested and had a total duration of 36 hours.[19]

The fish, and especially its viscera, have been assessed as potentially unsafe by a study conducted on Mediterranean specimens.[20] Saupes are not toxic all year round but only during certain periods, which raises suspicion of the role of algae toxins or phytoplankton ingested by fish, and swarming at certain periods, which renders it ichthyoallyeinotoxic.[21]

Since the accidental introduction of Caulerpa taxifolia into the Mediterranean, the saupe has tended to accumulate in its body the toxins produced by this alga. It is therefore recommended to empty it as soon as it is fished.[22]
Feeding

The salema porgy is a plant-herbivore and due to overpopulation in Portugal had overgrazed seagrass in the area as of 2014. Three substitutes were tested as a substitute for the Portuguese floor. Cymodocea nodosa, Zostera marina, and Zostera noltii were given to an adult S. salpa for testing. It preferred the Zostera noltii, therefore the Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera marina are preferred for seagrass restorations in areas with large populations of S. salpa.[22]
References

Russell, B.; Pollard, D.; Mann, B.Q.; Buxton, C.D. & Carpenter, K.E. (2014). "Sarpa salpa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T170169A1286510. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170169A1286510.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Sarpa". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
Parenti, P. (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae". FishTaxa. 4 (2): 47–98.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2023). "Sarpa salpa" in FishBase. October 2023 version.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Sarpa". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sparidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
Christopher Scharpf (12 January 2024). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
Yukio Iwatsuki and Phillip C Heemstra (2022). "Family Sparidae". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; and John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean (PDF). Vol. 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 284–315. ISBN 978-1-990951-32-9.
Jadot, C.; Donnay, A.; Acolas, M.; Cornet, Y.; Begoutanras, M. (2006). "Activity patterns, home-range size, and habitat utilization of Sarpa salpa (Teleostei: Sparidae) in the Mediterranean Sea". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 63 (1): 128–139. Bibcode:2006ICJMS..63..128J. doi:10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.06.010.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Sarpa salpa" in FishBase. April 2015 version.
"Fish that triggers hallucinations found off British coast". Daily Telegraph. 13 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-05-16. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
Ashraf I. Ahmed; Salah G. El-Etreby; Magdy A. Alwany; and Randa A. Ali (2014). "Food and Feeding Habits of Sarpa salpa Salema (family: Sparidae) in the Libyan Coast of the Mediterranean Sea" (PDF). Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biololgy & Fisheries. 18 (4): 109–113.
S. Havelange; G. Lepoint; P. Dauby; J.-M. Bouquegneau (2008). "Feeding of the Sparid Fish Sarpa salpa in a Seagrass Ecosystem: Diet and Carbon Flux". Marine Ecology. 18 (4): 289–297. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.1997.tb00443.x. hdl:2268/26095.
Walt, B.A. & Mann, B. (1998). "Aspects of the reproductive biology of Sarpa salpa (Pisces: Sparidae) off the east coast of South Africa". South African Journal of Zoology. 33 (4): 241–248. doi:10.1080/02541858.1998.11448478.
María Méndez Villamil; José M. Lorenzo; José G. Pajuelo; Antonio Ramos & Josep Coca (2002). "Aspects of the Life History of the Salema, Sarpa salpa (Pisces, Sparidae), off the Canarian Archipelago (Central-East Atlantic)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 63 (2): 183–192. Bibcode:2002EnvBF..63..183M. doi:10.1023/A:1014216000459. S2CID 25014690.
Criscoli A; Colloca F; Carpentieri P; Belluscio A; Ardizzone G (2006). "Observations on the reproductive cycle, age and growth of the salema, Sarpa salpa (Osteichthyes: Sparidae) along the western central coast of Italy". Scientia Marina. 70 (1): 131–138. doi:10.3989/scimar.2006.70n1131.
Pommier, De Haro (October 2006). "Hallucinatory Fish Poisoning (Ichthyoallyeinotoxism): Two Case Reports From the Western Mediterranean and Literature Review". Clinical Toxicology 2006, Vol. 44, No. 2 : Pages 187. Vol. 44, no. 2. pp. 185–188. doi:10.1080/15563650500514590.
"'Hallucination' fish netted in Channel". the Guardian. 2009-05-13. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
Khaled Bellassoued; Jos Van Pelt & Abdelfattah Elfeki (22 Sep 2014). "Neurotoxicity in rats induced by the poisonous dreamfish (Sarpa salpa)". Pharmaceutical Biology 2015, Vol. 53, No. 11 : Pages 286-295. Vol. 53, no. 2. pp. 286–295. doi:10.3109/13880209.2014.916311. "Liver and especially the visceral part of S. salpa presented toxicity, which clearly indicates the danger of using this fish as food."
Luc De Haro. "Intoxications par organismes aquatiques" (PDF). Revue de médecine tropicale, 2008, N° 68, pages 367-374..
See on info-chassesousmarine.fr.