Rhinecanthus rectangulus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Tetraodontiformes

Familia: Balistidae
Genus: Rhinecanthus
Species: Rhinecanthus rectangulus
Name

Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Vernacular names
English: Reef triggerfish, Rectangular triggerfish, Wedge-tail triggerfish
Hawaiʻi: Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa
magyar: Ékfoltos Picasso-hal
日本語: タスキモンガラ
русский: углохвостый спинорог, заплаточный ринекант

The reef triggerfish (Rhinecanthus rectangulus), also known as the rectangular triggerfish, wedgetail triggerfish[2] or by its Hawaiian name humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa (pronounced [ˈhumuˈhumuˈnukuˈnukuˈwaːpuˈwɐʔə], meaning 'triggerfish with a snout like a pig',[3] also spelled humuhumunukunukuapua'a or just humuhumu for short), is one of several species of triggerfish. It is found at reefs in the Indo-Pacific[4] and is the state fish of Hawaii.
Description

The triggerfish's teeth and top lip are blue and the teeth are set close together inside its relatively plump mouth.

It has a small second dorsal spine which is used to lock its main spine into an upright position. When sheltering in a small crevice, this locking helps protect the fish against extraction by a predator. When fleeing predators, it sometimes makes grunting noises, possibly to warn nearby triggerfish.[5]

The triggerfish can blow jets of water from its mouth to help it find benthic invertebrates under the substrate. It can often be seen spitting sand from its mouth, sifting the material for edible detritus or organisms.

Reef triggers, up to 30 centimetres (12 in) in length, are fairly aggressive and generally do not tolerate conspecific individuals in their general vicinity; thus the fish is often solitary. This is particularly true in captivity. They have the ability to rapidly alter their coloration. They can fade into a relatively drab appearance when sleeping or demonstrating submission, while their coloration is often the most vivid when they are healthy and unthreatened by their surroundings. They have also been known to bite and attack swimmers in their area, often around the ankle, sometimes leaving marks.
Hawaii state fish

The reef triggerfish was designated the official fish of Hawaii in 1985,[6] but due to an expiration of a Hawaiian state law after five years, it ceased to be the state fish in 1990.[7] On April 17, 2006, bill HB1982 was presented to the Governor of Hawaiʻi, which permanently reinstated the reef triggerfish (humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa) as the state fish of Hawaii.[8] The bill passed into law on May 2, 2006.[9][10]

Decades prior to official recognition, humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa were considered a symbol of Hawai'i, particularly as a symbol of Kamapuaʻa,[11] one of the most prominent kupua in Hawaiian folklore.
In popular culture

The 1933 song "My Little Grass Shack in Kealakekua, Hawaii" by Ted Fio Rito includes the line "... where the humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa go swimming by ..."

It is also featured prominently in the Disney Channel Original Movie High School Musical 2 with a song of the same name.

In "Hawaii - Here We Come", the fourth episode of Top Cat, Benny reads a brochure about his upcoming Hawaiian vacation and asks Top Cat, "What's a humma-humma-nooka-nooka-apu-ah-ah?"[12]

In Mortal Kombat 11, the Joker calls Scorpion a "humuhumunukunukuapu'aa!" in their intro dialog.
See also

Lagoon triggerfish

References

Matsuura, K. (2022). "Rhinecanthus rectangulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T193713A2264564. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T193713A2264564.en. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
"Wedgetail Triggerfish - Rhinecanthus rectangulus - Triggerfishes - Reef Triggerfish - Hawaii Reefs". reefguide.org. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
humuhumunukunukuapua'a. humuhumunukunukuapua'a. (n.d.) American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. (2011). Accessed on The Free Dictionary. Retrieved on 2015-05-18.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2005). "Rhinecanthus rectangulus" in FishBase. December 2005 version.
April True or Fool Quiz. Maui Ocean Center (2015-03-31). Retrieved on 2015-05-18.
Hawaiian Bill 1982 Retrieved 2011-05-17
"Lawmaker seeks official status for humuhumunukunukuapuaa". USA Today. January 1, 2006. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
HB1982 Measure History. Capitol.hawaii.gov. Retrieved on 2015-05-18.
House Bill. Capitol.hawaii.gov. Retrieved on 2015-05-18.
Hawaii may honor long-named fish - Weird news. NBC News (2006-04-18). Retrieved on 2015-05-18.
Alameida, Roy Kakulu; Dunford, Betty Hawaiians of old (1997). Na moolelo Hawaii o ka wa kahiko = Stories of old Hawaii. Internet Archive. Honolulu, Hawaii : Bess Press. ISBN 978-1-57306-064-6.
Top Cat | Benny Goes To Hawaii, 27 May 2017, retrieved 2023-06-03