Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea
Familia: Sciaenidae
Genus: Protosciaena
Species: P. bathytatos – †P. brasiliensis – P. trewavasae
Name
Protosciaena Sasaki, 1989
Type species: Sciaena trewavasae Chao & Miller, 1975
References
Sasaki, K., 1989: Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its zoogeography (Teleostei, Perciformes). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University 36 (1/2): 1-137. Reference page.
Links
ION
Nomenclator Zoologicus
Protosciaena species list in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Protosciaena and its species (including synonyms) in Catalog of Fishes, Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (eds.) 2024. Catalog of Fishes electronic version.
Protosciaena – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Protosciaena is a small genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. These fishes are found in the Western Atlantic Ocean.
Taxonomy
Protosciaena was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1989 by the Japanese ichthyologist Kunio Sasaki to include both P. bathytatos and P. trewavasae, with the latter designated, under its original binomial of Sciaena trewavasae, as the type species.[1] S. trewavasae had originally been described by Labbish Ning Chao and Robert Victor Miller in 1975 with its type locality given as the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Colombia.[2] This taxon was placed in the monotypic subfamily Protosciaeninae by Sasaki,[3] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the order Acanthuriformes.[4]
Etymology
Protosciaena prefixes Sciaena, the original genus for P. trewavasae, with protos, meaning "first", because of its apparently "primitive nature".[3][5]
Species
Protosciaena has the following 2 valid species within it:[6]
Protosciaena bathytatos (Chao & Miller, 1975) (Deep-water drum)
Protosciaena trewavasae (Chao & Miller, 1975) (New Grenada drum)
Characteristics
Protosciaena drums have rhomboidal to elongate, conmpressed bodies with large eyes and a large mouth opening to the front. The chin has no barbels and 5 pores. The preoperculum is serrated and there is a deep incision separating the first spiny part of the dorsal fin from the rear, largely soft-rayed part. The dorsal fin is supported by a total of 11 spines and 21 to 23 soft rays. The short based anal fin is supported by 2 spines and 7 soft rays. The caudal fin is slightly pointed.[7] Of the two species in the genus, the largest is P. bathytatos with a maximum published total length of 42 cm (17 in) while P. trewavasae has a maximum published total length of 20 cm (7.9 in).[6]
Distribution
Protosciaena drums are endemic to the Greater Caribbean.[7]
References
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sciaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Protosciaena". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
Kunio Sasaki (1989). "Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes)" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University. 36 (1–2): 1–137.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (9 March 2023). "Series Eupercaria (Incertae sedis): Families Callanthidae, Centrogenyidae, Dinopercidae, Emmelichthyidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Parascorpididae, Sciaenidae and Sillagidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2023). Species of Protosciaena in FishBase. February 2023 version.
"Genus: Protosciaena, Deepwater Drum Croaker, Drum". Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information system. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
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