Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Ovalentaria
Familia: Pomacentridae
Subfamiliae: Abudefdufinae - Amphiprioninae - Chrominae - Lepidozyginae - Pomacentrinae - Stegastinae
Genus inc. sedis: †Sorbinichromis
Name
Pomacentridae
References
Aguilar-Medrano, R., Reyes-Bonilla, H. & Polly, P. D. 2015. Adaptive radiation of damselfishes (Perciformes, Pomacentridae) in the eastern Pacific. Marine Biology 162(11): 2291–2303. DOI: 10.1007/s00227-015-2759-9 Reference page.
Allen, G.R. 1998: Pp. 205-208 in Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.: Encyclopedia of fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-547665-5
Cooper, W.J.; Smith, L.L.; Westneat, M.W. 2009: Exploring the radiation of a diverse reef fish family: Phylogenetics of the damselfishes (Pomacentridae), with new classifications based on molecular analyses of all genera. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 52: 1–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.010 PDF
Nelson, J.S. 1994: Fishes of the world. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Nelson, J.S. 2006: Fishes of the world. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. ISBN 0-471-25031-7 ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9 Google books
Quenouille, B.; Bermingham, E.; Planes, S. 2004: Molecular systematics of the damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae): Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 31: 66–88. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00278-1
Tang, K.L. 2001: Phylogenetic relationships among damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) as determined by mitochondrial DNA data. Copeia, 2001(3): 591–601. DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0591:PRADTP]2.0.CO;2 JSTOR
Links
FishBase family summary
Vernacular names
čeština: Sapínovití
English: Damselfishes and Clownfishes
hrvatski: Češljoustke
magyar: Korállszirtihal-félék, korallsügérek
日本語: スズメダイ科
ไทย: ปลาสลิดหิน, ปลาการ์ตูน
Pomacentridae is a family of ray-finned fish, comprising the damselfishes and clownfishes. This family were formerly placed in the order Perciformes but are now regarded as being incertae sedis in the subseries Ovalentaria in the clade Percomorpha.[2] They are primarily marine, while a few species inhabit freshwater and brackish environments (e.g., Neopomacentrus aquadulcis, N. taeniurus, Pomacentrus taeniometopon, Stegastes otophorus).[3] They are noted for their hardy constitutions and territoriality. Many are brightly colored, so they are popular in aquaria.
Around 385 species are classified in this family, in about 31 genera. Of these, members of two genera, Amphiprion and Premnas, are commonly called clownfish or anemonefish, while members of other genera (e.g., Pomacentrus) are commonly called damselfish.[4] The members of this family are classified in four subfamilies: Amphiprioninae, Chrominae, Lepidozyginae, and Pomacentrinae.[5]
The earliest known fossil damselfish is Chaychanus from the Early Paleocene of Chiapas, Mexico.[6]
Etymology
The name of the family is derived from the Greek words; poma roughly translates to the English "cover", referring to the fishes' opercula, and kentron is Greek for sting. The name refers to the serrations found along the margins of the opercular bones in many members of this family.[4]
Distribution and habitat
Pomacentrids are found primarily in tropical seas, with a few species occurring in subtropical waters (e.g., Hypsypops rubicundus). Most species are found on or near coral reefs in the Indo-West Pacific (from East Africa to Polynesia). The area from the Philippines to Australia hosts the greatest concentration of species.[7] The remaining species are found in the Atlantic or eastern Pacific.[citation needed] Some species are native to freshwater or brackish estuarine environments.[3][8]
Most members of the family live in shallow water, from 2 to 15 m (6 ft 7 in to 49 ft 3 in) in depth, although some species (e.g., Chromis abyssus) are found below 100 m (330 ft).[9] Most species are specialists, living in specific parts of the reef, such as sandy lagoons, steep reef slopes, or areas exposed to strong wave action. In general, the coral is used as shelter, and many species can only survive in its presence.[8]
The bottom-dwelling species are territorial, occupying and defending a portion of the reef, often centered on shelter. By keeping away other species of fish, some pomacentrids encourage the growth of thick mats of algae within their territories, leading to the common name farmerfish.[8]
Characteristics
Indo-Pacific sergeant or damselfish in Sea of Dibba, Fujairah, UAE
Pomacentrids have an orbiculate to elongated body shape, which is often laterally compressed. They have interrupted or incomplete lateral lines and they usually have a single nostril on each side (some species of Chromis and Dascyllus have two on each side).[7] They have small- to medium-sized ctenoid scales. They have one or two rows of teeth, which may be conical or spatulate.
They display a wide range of colors, predominantly bright shades of yellow, red, orange, and blue, although some are a relatively drab brown, black, or grey. The young are often a different, brighter color than adults.
Pomacentrids are omnivorous or herbivorous, feeding on algae, plankton, and small bottom-dwelling crustaceans, depending on their precise habitats. Only a small number of genera, such as Cheiloprion, eat the coral where they live.[8]
Clownfish with anemone
They also engage in symbiotic relationship with cleaner gobies of genus Elacatinus, allowing the gobies to feed on ectoparasites on their bodies.[10] Clownfish also have mutualistic relationships with anemones.[11] The anemone protects the clownfish while the clownfish rids parasites.
Lifecycle
Before breeding, the males clear an area of algae and invertebrates to create a nest. They engage in ritualised courtship displays, which may consist of rapid bursts of motion, chasing or nipping females, stationary hovering, or wide extension of their fins. After being attracted to the site, the female lays a string of sticky eggs that attach to the substrate. The male swims behind the female as she lays the eggs, and fertilises them externally. Varying by species, brood sizes range from 50 to 1000 eggs.[8]
The male guards the nest for the two to seven days needed for the eggs to hatch. The transparent larvae are 2 to 4 mm (0.079 to 0.157 in) long. They go through a pelagic stage, which depending on the species, can last as little as a week or more than a month.[12] When they arrive at a suitable environment, the young settle and adopt their juvenile colors.[8]
In captivity, pomacentrids live up to 18 years, but they probably do not live longer than 10 to 12 years in the wild.[8]
Genera
The 5th edition of Fishes of the World recognises 31 genera in three subfamilies in the family Pomacentridae:[2][13][1]
† means extinct
Subfamily Chrominae Allen, 1975
Acanthochromis Gill, 1863:
Altrichthys Allen, 1999
Azurina D.S. Jordan & McGregor, 1898
Chromis Cuvier, 1814
Dascyllus Cuvier, 1829
Subfamily Lepidozyginae Allen, 1975
Lepidozygus Günther, 1862
Subfamily Pomacentrinae Bonaparte, 1831
Abudefduf Fabricius, 1775
Amblyglyphidodon Bleeker, 1877
Amblypomacentrus Bleeker, 1877
Amphiprion Bloch & Schneider, 1801
Cheiloprion M.C.W. Weber, 1913
Chrysiptera Swainson, 1839
Dischistodus Gill, 1863
Hemiglyphidodon Bleeker, 1877
Hypsypops Gill, 1861
Mecaenichthys Whitley , 1929
Microspathodon Günther, 1862
Neoglyphidodon Allen, 1991
Neopomacentrus Allen, 1975
Nexilosus Heller & Snodgrass, 1903
Parma Günther, 1862
Plectroglyphidodon Fowler & Ball, 1824
Pomacentrus Lacépède, 1802
Pomachromis Allen & Randall, 1974
Premnas Cuvier, 1816
Pristotis Rüppell, 1838
Similiparma Hemsley, 1986
Stegastes Jenyns, 1840
Teixeirichthys J. L. B. Smith, 1953
†Palaeopomacentrus Bellwood & Sorbini, 1996 [14]
Other authoritiies recognise 4 subfamilies and classify the family as follows:[13]
Subfamily Chrominae
Azurina
Chromis
Dascyllus
Pycnochromis Fowler, 1941
Subfamily Glyphisodontinae
Abudefduf
Subfamily Microspathodontinae
Hypsypops
Lepidozygus
Mecaenichthys
Microspathodon
Nexilosus
Parma (fish)|Parma
Plectroglyphidodon
Similiparma
Stegastes
Subfamily Pomacentrindeae
Acanthochromis
Altrichthys
Amblyglyphidodon
Amblypomacentrus
Amphiprion
Cheiloprion
Chrysiptera
Dischistodus
Hemiglyphidodon
Neoglyphidodon
Neopomacentrus
Pomacentrus
Pomachromis
Premnas
Pristotis
Teixeirichthys
†Palaeopomacentrus
References
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 752. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Jenkins, A.P. & G.R. Allen (2002). "Neopomacentrus aquadulcis, a new species of damselfish (Pomacentridae) from eastern Papua New Guinea". Records of the Western Australian Museum. 20: 379–382.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2007). "Pomacentridae" in FishBase. July 2007 version.
Allen, G.R. (1975). Damselfishes of the South Seas. Neptune City, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-87666-034-8.
Cantalice, Kleyton Magno; Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús; Bellwood, David Roy (2020-03-01). "†Chaychanus gonzalezorum gen. et sp. nov.: A damselfish fossil (Percomorphaceae; Pomacentridae), from the Early Paleocene outcrop of Chiapas, Southeastern Mexico". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 98: 102322. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102322. ISSN 0895-9811.
Nelson, J.S. (2006). Fishes of the World. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9.
Allen, Gerald R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 205–208. ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
Pyle, R.L., J.L. Earle & B.D. Greene (2008). "Five new species of the damselfish genus Chromis (Perciformes: Labroidei: Pomacentridae) from deep coral reefs in the tropical western Pacific". Zootaxa. 1671: 3–31. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1671.1.2.
Ivan Sazima; Cristina Sazima; Ronaldo B. Francini-Filho; Rodrigo L. Moura (September 2000). "Daily cleaning activity and diversity of clients of the barber goby, Elacatinus figaro, on rocky reefs in southeastern Brazil". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 59 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1023/a:1007655819374. S2CID 24134075.
"Amphiprion - Encyclopedia of Life". www.eol.org. Retrieved 2024-01-02.
Thresher, R.E.; Colin, P.L.; Bell, L.J. (1989). "Planktonic duration, distribution and population structure of western and central Pacific damselfishes (Pomacentridae)". Copeia. 1989 (2): 420–434. doi:10.2307/1445439. JSTOR 1445439.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Pomacentridae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
D. R. Bellwood and L. Sorbini (1996). "A review of the fossil record of the Pomacentridae (Teleostei: Labroidei) with a description of a new genus and species from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 117 (2): 159–174. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02154.x. S2CID 84430386.
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