Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Ovalentaria
Familia: Polycentridae
Genera (4): Afronandus – Monocirrhus – Polycentropsis – Polycentrus
Name
Polycentridae Gill, 1858
Type genus: Polycentrus Müller & Troschel, 1849
References
Betancur-R., R., Wiley, E.O., Arratia, G., Acero P., A., Bailly, N., Miya, M., Lecointre, G. & Ortí, G. 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17(1): 162. DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 Open access. Reference page.
Collins, R.A., Britz, R. & Rüber, L. 2015. Phylogenetic systematics of leaffishes (Teleostei: Polycentridae, Nandidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 53(4): 259–272. DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12103
Gill, T.N. 1858. Synopsis of the fresh water fishes of the western portion of the island of Trinidad, W. I. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York 6(nos 10–13, art. 38): 363–430. BHL Reference page. [see p. 371: BHL]
Günther, A.C.L.G. 1861. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Gobiidae, Discoboli, Pediculati, Blenniidae, Labyrinthici, Mugilidae, Notacanthi. London 3: i–xxv + 1–586 + i–x. BHLReference page. [see p. 370: BHL]
Jordan, D.S., 1876. A classification of fishes: including families and genera as far as known. Stanford University Publications, Biological sciences v. 3 (no. 2): 77– 243. BHL [see p. 202: BHL]
Kullander, S.O. & Britz, R. 2002. Revision of the family Badidae (Teleostei: Perciformes), with a description of a new genus and ten new species. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 13(4): 295–372. Reference page.
Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the World, fourth edition. John Wiley, Hoboken, 624 pp. ISBN 0-471-25031-7. ISBN 978-0-471-25031-9. Reference page.
Van der Laan, R. 2018. Family-group names of fossil fishes. European Journal of Taxonomy 466: 1–167. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.466 Reference page.
Links
Polycentridae – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Polycentridae in the World Register of Marine Species
Polycentridae and its species in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024. (included genera out of date)
Genera of Polycentridae (including synonyms) in Catalog of Fishes, Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (eds.) 2024. Catalog of Fishes electronic version.
Polycentridae – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Vielstachler
English: Leaffishes
galego: Policéntridos
Nederlands: Veelstekelbaarzen
norsk: Bladfisker
português: Peixe-folha
ไทย: วงศ์ปลาใบไม้อเมริกาใต้
українська: Поліцентрові
Leaffishes are small fishes of the family Polycentridae. According to FishBase, it only includes the genera Monocirrhus and Polycentrus from fresh and brackish water in tropical South America.[2] Although included in the Asian leaffish family Nandidae by FishBase,[3] most recent authorities place the African Afronandus and Polycentropsis in Polycentridae.[4] Polycentridae were formerly placed in the order Cichliformes but are now regarded as being incertae sedis in the subseries Ovalentaria in the clade Percomorpha.[5]
All of these fishes are highly specialized ambush predators that resemble leaves, down to the point that their swimming style resembles a drifting leaf (thus the common name leaf fish); when a prey animal - such as an aquatic insect or smaller fish - comes within range, the fish attacks, swallowing the prey potentially within a quarter of a second. To aid in this lifestyle, all members of the family have large heads, cryptic colors, and very large protractile mouths capable of taking prey items nearly as large as they are. These intriguing behaviors have given the family a niche in the aquarium hobby; however, none of these species are easy to maintain in aquariums, requiring very clean, soft, acidic water and copious amounts of live foods.
Genera and species
Genus Monocirrhus Heckel, 1840
Monocirrhus polyacanthus Heckel, 1840 (Amazon leaffish)
Genus Polycentrus Müller & Troschel, 1849
Polycentrus jundia Coutinho & Wosiacki, 2014 [6]
Polycentrus schomburgkii Müller & Troschel, 1849 (Guyana leaffish)
References
Betancur-Rodriguez; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2019). "Polycentridae" in FishBase. February 2019 version.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2019). "Nandidae" in FishBase. February 2019 version.
Collins, R.A., R. Britz, and L. Ruber (2015). Phylogenetic systematics of leaffishes (Teleostei: Polycentridae, Nandidae). J Zoolog Syst Evol Res 53(4). doi:10.1111/jzs.12103
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 752. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Coutinho, D.P. & Wosiacki, W.B. (2014). "A new species of leaffish Polycentrus Müller & Troschel, 1849 (Percomorpha: Polycentridae) from the rio Negro, Brazil". Neotropical Ichthyology. 12 (4): 747–753. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20140046.
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