Plagioscion

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea

Familia: Sciaenidae
Genus: Plagioscion
Species: P. auratus – P. casattii – P. magdalenae – P. microps – P. montae – P. pauciradiatus – P. squamosissimus – P. surinamensis – P. ternetzi – †P. travassosi – †P. ultimus
Name

Plagioscion Gill, 1861
References

Santos, S., Gomes, M. d. F., Soares Ferreira, A. R., Sampaio, I. & Schneider, H.; 2012: Molecular phylogeny of the western South Atlantic Sciaenidae based on mitochondrial and nuclear data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Available online 4 October 2012, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, abstract
Plagioscion – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Plagioscion species list in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.

Plagioscion is a genus of freshwater ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. They are found in tropical and subtropical South America where they inhabit fresh and brackish waters.[2][3] Some species (notably P. squamosissimus and P. surinamensis) are important food fish and support major fisheries.[4]

Depending on the exact species, they reach up to about 30–80 cm (1.0–2.6 ft) in length.[2] In general, the various species are similar and are not easily separated by meristics or colour.[3]

Plagioscion sometimes occur in schools.[4] They are predators and the adults are essentially piscivorous.[2][4] The largest in the genus, P. squamosissimus, mainly feeds on fish smaller than 15 cm (6 in), but may take ones up to about 60% of the length of the Plagioscion itself.[4]

Although the family Sciaenidae primarily is marine, there are four genera with freshwater species in South America. In addition to Plagioscion, this is Pachypops, Pachyurus and Petilipinnis.[3][4]
Taxonomy

Plagoscion was first proposed as a genus in 1861 by the American biologist Theodore Gill without including any species. The type species was later designated as Sciaena squamosissima by Jordan and Eigenmann,[1] this species had been described in 1840 by Johann Jakob Heckel with its type locality given as Suriname.[5] This genus has been placed in the subfamily Cynoscioninae by some workers,[6] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the order Acanthuriformes.[7]
Etymology

Plagioscion is a combination of plagio, meaning "oblique", and scion, the modern Greek name of Umbrina cirrosa, which Gill preferred over sciaena because he did not like the sound of Cynosciaena. Gill did not explain what palgio was alluding to but he did mention that the crest and margin of the preoperculum were "oblique, nearly parallel".[8]
Species

FishBase currently recognizes 7 species in this genus.[2] The validity of P. casattii and P. surinamensis are questionable (both possibly junior synonyms of P. squamosissimus).[3] In contrast, genetic analysis indicates that two currently unrecognized, cryptic species exist.[9]

Plagioscion auratus Castelnau, 1855 (Black curbinata)
Plagioscion casattii Aguilera & de Aguilera, 2001
Plagioscion montei Soares & Casatti, 2000
Plagioscion pauciradiatus Steindachner, 1917
Plagioscion squamosissimus Heckel, 1840 (South American silver croaker)
Plagioscion surinamensis Bleeker, 1873 (Pacora)
Plagioscion ternetzi Boulenger, 1895 (Freshwater croaker)

Catalog of Fishes includes the following species:[5]

Plagioscion auratus (Castelnau, 1855)
Plagioscion magdalenae (Steindachner, 1878)
Plagioscion microps Steindachner, 1917
Plagioscion montei Soares & Casatti, 2000
Plagioscion pauciradiatus Steindachner 1917
Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel 1840)
Plagioscion ternetzi Boulenger 1895

P. casattii and P. surinamensis are treated as synonyms of P. squamosissmus.[5]
References

Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sciaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). Species of Plagioscion in FishBase. August 2014 version.
Casatti, L. (2005). "Revision of the South American freshwater genus Plagioscion (Teleostei, Perciformes, Sciaenidae)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1080: 39–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1080.1.4. hdl:11449/68493.
Goulding, M (1980). The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History. University of California Press. pp. 179–181. ISBN 0-520-04131-3.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Plagioscio". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Kunio Sasaki (1989). "Phylogeny of the family Sciaenidae, with notes on its Zoogeography (Teleostei, Peciformes)" (PDF). Memoirs of the Faculty of Fishes Hokkaido University. 36 (1–2): 1–137.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 497–502. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (9 March 2023). "Series Eupercaria (Incertae sedis): Families Callanthidae, Centrogenyidae, Dinopercidae, Emmelichthyidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Parascorpididae, Sciaenidae and Sillagidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
Cooke, G.M.; N.L. Chao; L.B. Beheregaray (2012). "Marine incursions, cryptic species and ecological diversification in Amazonia: the biogeographic history of the croaker genus Plagioscion (Sciaenidae)". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (4): 724–738. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02635.x. S2CID 54678480.