Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Siluriformes
Familia: Loricariidae
Subfamilia: Otothyrinae
Genus: Parotocinclus
Species (28): P. amazonensis – P. arandai – P. aripuanensis – P. bahiensis – P. bidentatus – P. britskii – P. cearensis – P. cesarpintoi – P. collinsae – P. cristatus – P. dani – P. doceanus – P. eppleyi – P. fluminense – P. halbothi – P. haroldoi – P. jequi – P. jimi – P. jumbo – P. longirostris – P. maculicauda – P. minutus – P. muriaensis – P. planicauda – P. polyochrus – P. prata – P. robustus – P. seridoensis – P. spilosoma – P. spilurus – P. variola – P. yaka
Name
Parotocinclus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1889
Type species: Otocinclus maculicauda
References
Eigenmann, C.H. & Eigenmann, R.S. 1889. Preliminary notes on South American Nematognathi. II. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2) 2: 28–56. BHL Reference page.
Ferraris Carl J., Jr., Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types. Zootaxa, 1418: 1–628 (2007) (pdf)
Lehmann A., P., de Lima, F.C.T. & Reis, R.E. 2018. Parotocinclus yaka, a new species of armored catfish (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae), from the Amazon basin in Brazil. Zootaxa 4521(4): 584–592. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.7 Paywall Reference page.
Lehmann A, P. & Reis, R.E. 2012. A new species of Parotocinclus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Zootaxa 3390: 56–64. Preview Reference page.
Roxo, F.F., Silva, G. de S. da C. e & Oliveira, C. 2016. Description of a new species of Parotocinclus (Siluriformes, Hypoptopomatinae) from the rio Tapajós basin. ZooKeys 634: 125-136. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.634.9917. Reference page.
Sarmento-Soares, L.M., A.P. Lehmann and R.F. Martins-Pinheiro 2009 Parotocinclus arandai, a new species of hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loraicariidae) from the upper rios Jucuruçu and Buranhém, States of Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil. Neotrop. Ichthyol. 7(2):191-198.
Parotocinclus is a genus of fish in the family Loricariidae native to South America. This genus is distributed through almost all hydrographic systems in South America from the Guyana Shield drainages and Amazon Shield tributaries to the coastal drainages of eastern and southeastern Brazil, including the rio São Francisco basin.[1] Most species have the caudal peduncle oval in cross section.[2] It has been found that Characidium species may interact with P. maculicauda. The small Characidium will follow grazing P. maculicauda, which release particulate matter dislodged from the catfish's foraging.[3]
Taxonomy
By an analysis published in 2005, Parotocinclus is not a monophyletic genus. P. jumbo is not closely related to P. maculicauda, but is positioned, instead, as a basal lineage of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae. Additionally, P. collinsae is not closely related to Parotocinclus maculicauda and may be more closely related to the genus Hypoptopoma and four other genera. P. jumbo and P. collinsae may eventually be transferred to new genera.[4] P. bidentatus and P. muriaensis form a monophyletic pair of sister taxa that is more closely related to a subset of species of Parotocinclus (which includes P. maculicauda) than to any other genus of the tribe Otothyrini.[4]
Species
There are currently 38 recognized species in this genus:
Parotocinclus adamanteus Pereira, Santos, de Pinna & Reis, 2019 [5]
Parotocinclus amazonensis Garavello, 1977
Parotocinclus arandai Sarmento-Soares, Lehmann A. & Martins-Pinheiro, 2009
Parotocinclus aripuanensis Garavello, 1988
Parotocinclus bahiensis (A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918)
Parotocinclus bidentatus Gauger & Buckup, 2005
Parotocinclus britskii Boeseman, 1974
Parotocinclus cabessadecuia Ramos, Lima & Ramos, 2017 [6]
Parotocinclus cearensis Garavello, 1977
Parotocinclus cesarpintoi P. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1939
Parotocinclus collinsae Schmidt & Ferraris, 1985
Parotocinclus cristatus Garavello, 1977
Parotocinclus dani Roxo, G. S. C. Silva & C. de Oliveira, 2016 [1]
Parotocinclus doceanus (A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918)
Parotocinclus eppleyi Schaefer & Provenzano, 1993
Parotocinclus halbothi Lehmann A., Lazzarotto & R. E. dos Reis, 2014 [7]
Parotocinclus hardmani Lehmann A., Lujan & R. E. dos Reis, 2022[8]
Parotocinclus haroldoi Garavello, 1988
Parotocinclus jacksoni Ramos, Lustosa-Costa, Barros-Neto & Barbosa, 2021[9]
Parotocinclus jacumirim D. E. da Silva Jr., T. P. A. Ramos & A. M. Zanata, 2020[10]
Parotocinclus jequi Lehmann A., Koech Braun, E. H. L. Pereira & R. E. dos Reis, 2013 [11]
Parotocinclus jimi Garavello, 1977
Parotocinclus jumbo Britski & Garavello, 2002
Parotocinclus longirostris Garavello, 1988
Parotocinclus maculicauda (Steindachner, 1877)
Parotocinclus minutus Garavello, 1977
Parotocinclus muriaensis Gauger & Buckup, 2005
Parotocinclus nandae Lehmann A., Camelier & Zanata, 2020[12]
Parotocinclus planicauda Garavello & Britski, 2003
Parotocinclus polyochrus Schaefer, 1988
Parotocinclus prata A. C. Ribeiro, A. L. A. Melo & E. H. L. Pereira, 2002
Parotocinclus robustus Lehmann A. & R. E. dos Reis, 2012 [13]
Parotocinclus seridoensis T. P. A. Ramos, Barros-Neto, Britski & S. M. Q. Lima, 2013 [14]
Parotocinclus spilosoma (Fowler, 1941)
Parotocinclus spilurus (Fowler, 1941) [15]
Parotocinclus variola Lehmann A., Schvambach & R. E. dos Reis, 2015 [16]
Parotocinclus yaka Lehmann, Lima & Reis, 2018[17]
References
Roxo, F.F., Silva, G.S.C. & Oliveira, C. (2016): Description of a new species of Parotocinclus (Siluriformes, Hypoptopomatinae) from the rio Tapajós basin. ZooKeys, 634: 125–136.
Garavello, J.C. & Britski, H.A. (2003): Parotocinclus planicauda, a new species of the subfamily Hypoptopomatinae from Southeastern Brazil (Ostariophysi: Loricariidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 63 (2): 253–260.
Leitão, R.P., Caramaschi, É.P. & Zuanon, J. (2007): Following food clouds: feeding association between a minute loricariid and a characidiin species in an Atlantic Forest stream, Southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 5 (3): 307-310.
Gauger, M.F.W. & Buckup, P.A. (2005): Two new species of Hypoptopomatinae from the rio Paraíba do Sul basin, with comments on the monophyly of Parotocinclus and the Otothyrini (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 3 (4): 509–518.
Pereira, Edson H. L.; Santos, Alexandre Clistenes de A.; Pinna, Mário C. C. de; Reis, Roberto E. (2019-11-01). "An Enigmatic New Loricariid (Actinopterygii: Siluriformes) from Relictual Upper Reaches of Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil". Copeia. 107 (4): 597–605. doi:10.1643/CI-19-244. ISSN 0045-8511. S2CID 208942749.
Ramos, T.P., Lima, S.M., & Ramos, R.T. (2017). A new species of armored catfish Parotocinclus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Parnaíba basin, northeastern, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 15.
Lehmann A., P., Lazzarotto, H. & Reis, R.E. (2014): Parotocinclus halbothi, a new species of small armored catfish (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae), from the Trombetas and Marowijne River basins, in Brazil and Suriname. Neotropical Ichthyology, 12 (1): 27–33.
Lehmann A., Pablo & Lujan, Nathan & Reis, Roberto. (2022). A New Species of Armored Catfish (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) Syntopic and Superficially Similar to Parotocinclus collinsae, from the Potaro River Basin, Guyana. Ichthyology & Herpetology. 110. 10.1643/i2021065.
Ramos, T.P., Lustosa-Costa, S.Y., Barros-Neto, L.F., & Barbosa, J.E. (2021). Parotocinclus jacksoni, a new hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Mamanguape basin, northeastern Brazil. Journal of fish biology.
Silva Jr., D. E. da, Ramos, T. P. A., & Zanata, A. M. (2020): A new species of Parotocinclus with reduced adipose fin (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae), from the rio Jacuípe basin, Bahia State, Brazil Neotropical Ichthyology, 18 (2).
Lehmann A., P., Koech Braun, B., Pereira, E.H.L. & Reis, R.E. (2013): A New Species of the Hypoptopomatinae Catfish Parotocinclus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), from the Headwaters of the Rio Jequitinhonha, Brazil. Copeia, 2013 (3): 435-440.
A, Pablo Lehmann; Camelier, Priscila; Zanata, Angela (2020-07-31). "Parotocinclus nandae, a new distinctive colored catfish (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae) from the upper Rio Paraguaçu, Bahia State, northeastern Brazil". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0236690. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1536690L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236690. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7394401. PMID 32735598.
Lehmann A., P. & Reis, R.E. (2012): A new species of Parotocinclus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3390: 56–64.
Ramos, T.P.A., Barros-Neto, L.F., Britski, H.A. & Lima, S.M.Q. (2013): Parotocinclus seridoensis, a new hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Piranhas-Açu basin, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4): 787–796.
Ramos, T.P.A., Lehmann A., P., Barros-Neto, L.F. & Lima, S.M.Q. (2016): Redescription of the endangered hypoptopomatine catfish Parotocinclus spilurus (Fowler, 1941) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Jaguaribe basin, northeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 14 (1): e150098.
Lehmann A., P., Schvambach, L.J. & Reis, R.E. (2015): A new species of the armored catfish Parotocinclus (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae), from the Amazon basin in Colombia. Neotropical Ichthyology, 13 (1): 47–52.
Lehmann A, P., Lima, F., & Reis, R. E. (2018). Parotocinclus yaka, a new species of armored catfish (Loricariidae: Hypoptopomatinae), from the Amazon basin in Brazil. Zootaxa, 4521(4), 584–592. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4521.4.7
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