Parapterois

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Ordo: Scorpaeniformes
Subordo: Scorpaenoidei

Familia: Scorpaenidae
Subfamilia: Pteroinae
Genus: Parapterois
Species: P. heterura - P. macrura
References

Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2006. FishBase, version (06/2006). [1]
Parapterois – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Vernacular names
English: blackfoot lionfish

Parapterois is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes. These fish originate from marine environments in the Indian Ocean or near it. The venomous Parapterois heterura is occasionally seen as an aquarium fish.
Taxonomy

Parapterois was described as a genus in 1876 by the Dutch physician, herpetologist and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker, Bleeker designated Pterois heterurus, which he had described from Ambon Island in 1856, as the type species of the new genus.[1][2] This genus is classified within the tribe Pteroini of the subfamily Scorpaeninae within the family Scorpaenidae.[3] The genus name is a compound of para meaning "near" and Pterois, the genus Bleeker originally placed P. heterura in.[4]
Species

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:[5]
Image Scientific name Distribution
Parapterois heterura (Bleeker, 1856) (Blackfoot firefish) southeastern coast of Africa as well as off Japan and in Indonesia
Parapterois macrura (Alcock, 1896) west coast of India

A third species, Parapterois nigripinnis (Gilchrist, 1904) of the southwestern Indian Ocean, is recognised as valid by the Catalog of Fishes[2] but FishBase treats it as a synonym of P. heterura.[6]
Anatomy and appearance
Parapterois heterura resting on the substrate

Parapterois bodies are red and white, and their pectoral fins are expanded. These fish are venomous. However, most specimens are much smaller; larger adults of both species are about 11 centimetres (4 in) in length.[7]

A number of differences set this genus apart from Pterois, in which P. heterura was first described to. Parapterois have more (18–21) pectoral fin rays than Pterois (12–17), and, in the former, these rays may be branched, while they are never branched in Pterois. Parapterois have two anal fin spines, while Pterois have three. Also, as a more obvious trait, the caudal fin of these fish are truncated with longer upper and lower caudal fin rays, while the caudal fin in Pterois is rounded.[7]
Distribution and habitat
Parapterois heterura showing the inner surface of its pectoral fins.

Parapterois are native to the Indian Ocean and the West Pacific Ocean.
In the aquarium

Despite the popularity of other lionfish, Parapterois species are only rarely found in the aquarium trade.[8] P. heterura can be found on certain online marine aquarium fish stores, but is not common.
References

Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Scorpaenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Parapterois". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 468–475. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (2 October 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 9): Suborder Scorpaenoidei: Family Scorpaenidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). Species of Parapterois in FishBase. December 2012 version.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "Parapterois heterura" in FishBase. February 2022 version.
Motomura, Hiroyuki (2004). "Morphological Comparison of a Poorly Known Scorpionfish, Parapterois macrura, with a Related Species, P. heterura (Scorpaenidae: Pteroinae)" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 43: 1–7.
Fenner, Bob. "The Scorpionfishes We Call Lions, Family Scorpaenidae, subfamily Pteroinae". Retrieved 2007-04-09.