Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohort: Osteoglossocephala
Cohort/Superordo: Osteoglossomorpha
Ordo: Osteoglossiformes
Familia: Osteoglossidae
Subfamilia: Osteoglossinae – †Phareodontinae
Genera: †Brychaetus – †Chanopsis – †Joffrichthys – †Magnigena – †Musperia – †Opsithrissops – Osteoglossum – †Phareodus – †Phareodusichthys – †Phareoides – †Ridewoodichthys – Scleropages – †Sinoglossus – †Taverneichthys
Name
Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1846
References
Greenwood, P.H. & Patterson, C. 1967: A fossil osteoglossoid fish from Tanzania (E. Africa). Journal of the Linnean Society (Zoology), 47 (311): 211–223. Abstract DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1967.tb01404.x
Lavoué, S. 2016. Was Gondwanan breakup the cause of the intercontinental distribution of Osteoglossiformes? A time-calibrated phylogenetic test combining molecular, morphological, and paleontological evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 99: 34–43. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.008 Paywall. Reference page.
Murray, A.M. & Wilson, M.V.H. 2005: Description of a new Eocene osteoglossid fish and additional information on †Singida jacksonoides Greenwood and Patterson, 1967 (Osteoglossomorpha), with an assessment of their phylogenetic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144 (2): 213–228. Abstract DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00170.x
Links
Osteoglossidae and its species in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Genera of Osteoglossidae (including synonyms) in Catalog of Fishes, Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (eds.) 2024. Catalog of Fishes electronic version.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Knochenzüngler
English: Arowana
suomi: Arapaimat
magyar: Csontosnyelvűek
Bahasa Indonesia: Ikan arwana
日本語: アロワナ
한국어: 아로와나
lietuvių: Kaulaliežuvinės
Bahasa Melayu: Ikan kelisa
norsk: Arowanaer
português: Aruanã
ไทย: วงศ์ปลาตะพัด
Tiếng Việt: Họ Cá rồng
中文: 骨舌鱼科
Osteoglossidae is a family of large-sized freshwater fish, which includes the arowanas. They are commonly known as bonytongues. The family has been regarded as containing two extant subfamilies Arapaiminae and Osteoglossinae, with a total of five living genera,[1] but these are regarded as valid families in Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes[2] The extinct Phareodontinae are known from worldwide during the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene; they are generally considered to be crown group osteoglossids that are more closely related to one of the extant osteoglossid subfamilies than the other, though their exact position varies.[3][4]
Evolution
Osteoglossids are basal teleosts that originated during the Cretaceous, and are placed in the actinopterygian order Osteoglossiformes. The traditionally defined wider family includes several extant species from South America, one from Africa, two from Asia, and two from Australia.[5] The earliest known osteoglossid is Cretophareodus from the middle Campanian of the Dinosaur Park Formation, Canada, but a potentially older genus may be Chanopsis from the Albian of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[6]
Although currently restricted to freshwater habitats in the tropics, the group was much more widespread during the Cretaceous and Paleogene, with genera known from North America and Europe, including marine taxa such as Brychaetus. An indeterminate marine osteoglossid is known to have inhabited the seas around Greenland in the Early Paleocene, and they later become diverse in marine habitats during the Eocene, with many genera known from Europe.[7][8]
Modern osteoglossids of both subfamilies have a roughly Gondwanan distribution confined to freshwater habitats. For this reason, it was formerly assumed that extant osteoglossids descend from an ancestor that inhabited the supercontinent of Gondwana during the Mesozoic, which split into different genera following its fragmentation. However, more recent studies have found that many of the closest extinct relatives to extant osteoglossid genera were marine fish, and thus that their current distribution likely originates from marine dispersal between different continents during the Paleogene. Incorporating both extant and extinct osteoglossids, at least four different colonizations of freshwater habitats from marine ones are predicted to have occurred.[4]
Taxonomy
The following taxa are known from the family:[3][9][10][11]
Phareodus testis, a famous member of the extinct subfamily Phareodontinae
Family Osteoglossidae Bonaparte, 1831
Genus ?†Chanopsis Casier, 1961
Genus ?†Chauliopareion Murray and Wilson, 2005 (possibly a basal osteoglossiform)[3]
Genus †Heterosteoglossum Bonde, 2008 (possibly an arapaimine)[4][8]
Genus ?†Singida Greenwood & Patterson, 1967 (possibly a basal osteoglossiform)[3]
Genus †Xosteoglossid Bonde, 2008 (possibly an arapaimine)[4][8]
Subfamily Osteoglossinae Bonaparte, 1831
Genus Osteoglossum Cuvier, 1829
Genus Scleropages Günther, 1864
Subfamily †Phareodontinae D. S. Jordan, 1925[4]
Genus †Brychaetoides Bonde, 2008[8]
Genus †Brychaetus Woodward, 1901
Genus †Cretophareodus Li, 1996
Genus ?†Foreyichthys Taverne, 1979
Genus †Furichthys Bonde, 2008[8]
Genus †Macroprosopon Capobianco, Zouhri & Friedman, 2024[12]
Genus †Magnigena Forey & Hilton, 2010
Genus †Monopteros Volta, 1796
Genus †Musperia Sanders, 1934
Genus ?†Opsithrissops Daniltshenko, 1968
Genus †Phareoides Taverne, 1973 (sometimes treated as synonymous with Phareodus)
Genus †Phareodus Leidy, 1873
Genus †Phareodusichthys Gayet, 1991
Genus †Ridewoodichthys Taverne, 2009
Genus †Taverneichthys Kumar, Rana & Paliwal, 2005[13]
The Phareodontinae is sometimes treated as a valid family, the Phareodontidae, proposed by Jordan in 1925.[14]
References
"Arapaim availability". Britannica. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
"Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes Classification". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 November 2024.
Hilton, Eric J.; Lavoué, Sébastien (2018-10-11). "A review of the systematic biology of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes, Osteoglossomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei)". Neotropical Ichthyology. 16 (3): e180031. doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20180031. ISSN 1679-6225.
Capobianco, Alessio; Friedman, Matt (2024). "Fossils indicate marine dispersal in osteoglossid fishes, a classic example of continental vicariance". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 291 (2028). doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.1293. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 11321865. PMID 39137888.
Allen, G. R.; Midgley, S. H.; Allen, M. (2002). Field Guide to the Freshwater Fishes of Australia. Perth: Western Australia Museum. pp. 56–58. ISBN 0-7307-5486-3.
Near, Thomas J.; Thacker, Christine E. (2024-04-18). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1). doi:10.3374/014.065.0101. ISSN 0079-032X.
Capobianco, Alessio; Foreman, Ethan; Friedman, Matt (2021). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "A Paleocene (Danian) marine osteoglossid (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the Nuussuaq Basin of Greenland, with a brief review of Palaeogene marine bonytongue fishes". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (1): 625–640. Bibcode:2021PPal....7..625C. doi:10.1002/spp2.1291. hdl:2027.42/167033. ISSN 2056-2799.
Bonde, Niels (2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 253–310. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..253B. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719.
Hilton, Eric J.; Carpenter, Jeffrey (2020). "Bony-Tongue Fishes (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha) from the Eocene Nanjemoy Formation, Virginia". Northeastern Naturalist. 27 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1656/045.027.0102. ISSN 1092-6194.
Bonde, Niels (2008). "Osteoglossomorphs of the marine Lower Eocene of Denmark – with remarks on other Eocene taxa and their importance for palaeobiogeography". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 295 (1): 253–310. Bibcode:2008GSLSP.295..253B. doi:10.1144/SP295.14. ISSN 0305-8719.
Capobianco, Alessio (2021). Paleontological Data Reveals Unexpected Biogeographic Histories of Extant Organisms: Bonytongue Fishes (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha) as a Case Study (Thesis thesis). hdl:2027.42/170076.
Capobianco, Alessio; Zouhri, Samir; Friedman, Matt (2024-04-17). "A long-snouted marine bonytongue (Teleostei: Osteoglossidae) from the early Eocene of Morocco and the phylogenetic affinities of marine osteoglossids". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae015. ISSN 0024-4082.
Kumar, K.; Rana, R. S.; Paliwal, B. S. (2005). "OSTEOGLOSSID AND LEPISOSTEID FISH REMAINS FROM THE PALEOCENE PALANA FORMATION, RAJASTHAN, INDIA: PALEOCENE FISH REMAINS FROM RAJASTHAN". Palaeontology. 48 (6): 1187–1209. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00519.x.
Richard van der Laan (2018). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". European Journal of Taxonomy. 466: 1–167. doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.466.
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