Lepisosteiformes

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii

Infraclassis: Holostei
Division: Ginglymodi
Ordo: Lepisosteiformes

Subordo: Lepisosteoidei
Superfamiliae: Lepisosteoidea

Familiae (2): Lepisosteidae - †Obaichthyidae
Genera inc. sedis: †Beiduyu – †Isanichthys – †Lepidotes – †Scheenstia
Name

Lepisosteiformes Hay, 1929
References

Grande, L. 2010: An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. The resurrection of Holostei. Copeia, (2A) ISSN: 0045-8511 abstract only seen
Hay, O.P. 1929–30. Second bibliography and catalogue of the fossil Vertebrata of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 390. Vol. I: 1–916 (1929), II. 1–1074 (1930). Wellcome Collection BHL Reference page.
López-Arbarello, A. 2012. Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE 7(7): e39370. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039370 Reference page.

Vernacular names
українська: Панцирникоподібні

Lepisosteiformes is an order of ray-finned fish and the only living members of the clade Ginglymodi. Its only extant representatives are the gar (family Lepisosteidae), and it is defined as all members of Ginglymodi that are more closely related to gar than to the extinct Semionotiformes, the other major grouping of ginglymodians. They are one of two extant orders in the infraclass Holostei alongside the Amiiformes (now represented by only the bowfins).[2][1]

While represented only by the two extant genera of gar from North America, the Lepisosteiformes are an ancient group known as far back as the Early Jurassic, and formerly had a much larger range, being known from almost every continent. Considerable morphological diversity is known among extinct members compared to modern gar, from the superficially gar-like Obaichthyidae to the semionotiform-like Lepidotidae, which were previously classified in the Semionotiformes.[3][4]
Evolution

The earliest known lepisosteiform is the marine Lepidotes from the Early Jurassic of Germany, which largely shares the original body plan of Ginglymodi shared with Semionotiformes.[1] However, phylogenetic estimates suggest that the earliest lepisosteiforms diverged from their closest relatives in the Middle Triassic. The most basal lepisosteiform is thought to be Khoratichthys from the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous of Thailand, which is thought to have diverged from other members of the group during the Late Triassic.[5] Other studies suggest that the most basal member is Neosemionotus from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina, which diverged from the rest of the group during the Early Jurassic.[6]

Numerous early lepisosteiforms (including basal lepisosteiforms such as Khoratichthys and Lanxangichthys, lepidotids such as Isanichthys, and basal lepisosteoids such as Thaiichthys) are known from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Thailand and Laos, suggesting that what is now Southeast Asia may have been an important region for early lepisosteiform evolution, and that ginglymodians were the dominant fish in freshwater ecosystems in the region at the time.[5]

It has been suggested that as is with basal ginglymodians and the Semionotiformes, the earliest lepisosteiforms were marine and independently colonized and diversified in freshwater ecosystems multiple times; first among the Lepidotidae, and then among the Lepisosteoidei. Two independent freshwater colonizations appear to have occurred among the lepisosteioids: one in Southeast Asia and one in West Gondwana. The latter included the Obaichthyidae, close relatives of the gar.[6]

The ecology of the group including extinct members broader than that of living gars. Members of Lepidotidae in particular are strongly different from modern gars in having bulky bodies, with the large (up to 2 metres (6.6 ft)) lepidotid Scheenstia developing powerful jaws filled with rounded teeth that were likely used to crush shells (durophagy).[7]
Classification

Order Lepisosteiformes Hay, 1929
Genus †Adrianaichthys[8]
Genus †Beiduyu[9]
Genus †Khoratichthys[5]
Genus †Lanxangichthys
Genus †Neosemionotus
Family †Lepidotidae
Suborder Lepisosteoidei López-Arbarello, 2012[1]
Genus †Araripelepidotes
Genus †Pliodetes[10]
Genus †Thaiichthys
Superfamily Lepisosteoidea López-Arbarello, 2012[1]
Family †Obaichthyidae
Family Lepisosteidae

References

López-Arbarello, A. (2012). "Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e39370. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739370L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039370. PMC 3394768. PMID 22808031.
"Order Summary for Lepisosteiformes". fishbase.mnhn.fr. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
López-Arbarello, Adriana (2012-07-11). "Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e39370. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739370L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039370. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3394768. PMID 22808031.
Grande, Lance (2010). "An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. The resurrection of Holostei". Copeia. 10 (2A): 1–871. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
Deesri, U.; Jintasakul, P.; Cavin, L. (2016). "A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (6): e1225747. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E5747D. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747. S2CID 89359438.
Cavin, Lionel; Deesri, Uthumporn; Olive, Sébastien (2019-07-22). "Scheenstia bernissartensis (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium, with an appraisal of ginglymodian evolutionary history". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (6): 513–527. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1634649. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 199631685.
Cawley, John J.; Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio; Villafaña, Jaime A.; López‐Romero, Faviel A.; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2021). "Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (4): 1769–1796. doi:10.1002/ece3.7168. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 7882952. PMID 33614003.
de Paiva, H. C. L.; Gallo, V. (2018). "Quasimodichthys gen. nov. (Neopterygii: Semionotiformes): A morphological and ontogenetic study". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 88: 132–143. Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..132P. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.08.010. S2CID 134986658.
Murray, A. M.; Xing, L.; Divay, J.; Liu, J.; Wang, F. (2015). "A Late Jurassic freshwater fish (Ginglymodi, Lepisosteiformes) from Qijiang, Chongqing, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (2): e911187. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E1187M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.911187. S2CID 85946657.
Wenz, S. (1999). "Pliodetes nigeriensis, gen. nov. et. sp. nov., a new semionotid fish from the Lower Cretaceous of Gadoufaoua (Niger Republic): phylogenetic comments". Systematics and Fossil Record. 3 (1): 107–120.