Lates calcarifer

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Percoidei
Superfamilia: Percoidea

Familia: Latidae
Genus: Lates
Species: Lates calcarifer
Name

Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)
References

Lates calcarifer on Fish Base

Vernacular names
English: Barramundi
magyar: Barramundi, óriás ausztrál sügér, ázsiai sügér
Bahasa Indonesia: Kakap putih
தமிழ்: கொடுவா
ไทย: ปลากะพง, ปลากะพงขาว, ปลาโจ้โล้

The barramundi (Lates calcarifer), Asian sea bass, or giant sea perch (also known as dangri or apahap[2]) is a species of catadromous fish in the family Latidae of the order Perciformes. The species is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, spanning the waters of the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania.
Etymology
Indigenous Australian rock art depicting barramundi fish

Barramundi is a loanword from an Australian Aboriginal language of the Rockhampton area in Queensland[3] meaning "large-scaled river fish".[4] Originally, the name barramundi referred to Scleropages leichardti and Scleropages jardinii.[5]

However, the name was appropriated for marketing reasons during the 1980s, a decision that significantly raised the profile of this fish.[5] L. calcarifer is broadly referred to as Asian seabass by the international scientific community, but is sometimes known as Australian seabass or giant sea perch.[6][7][8]

Description

This species has an elongated body form with a large, slightly oblique mouth and an upper jaw extending behind the eye. The lower edge of the preoperculum is serrated with a strong spine at its angle; the operculum has a small spine and a serrated flap above the origin of the lateral line. Its scales are ctenoid.[9] In cross section, the fish is compressed and the dorsal head profile clearly concave. The single dorsal and ventral fins have spines and soft rays; the paired pectoral and pelvic fins have soft rays only; and the caudal fin has soft rays and is truncated and rounded. Barramundi are salt and freshwater sportfish, targeted by many. They have large, silver scales, which may become darker or lighter, depending on their environments. Their bodies can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) long, though evidence of them being caught at this size is scarce. The maximum weight is about 60 kg (130 lb). The average length is about 0.6–1.2 m (2.0–3.9 ft). Its genome size is about 700 Mb, which was sequenced and published in Animal Genetics (2015, in press) by James Cook University.[10]

Barramundi are demersal, inhabiting coastal waters, estuaries, lagoons, and rivers; they are found in clear to turbid water, usually within a temperature range of 26−30 °C. This species does not undertake extensive migrations within or between river systems, which has presumably influenced establishment of genetically distinct stocks in Northern Australia.[11][12]

Life cycle

Barramundi piebald colour morph

The barramundi feeds on crustaceans, molluscs, and smaller fish (including its own species); juveniles feed on zooplankton. The barramundi is euryhaline, but stenothermal. It inhabits rivers and descends to estuaries and tidal flats to spawn. In areas remote from fresh water, purely marine populations may become established.[citation needed]

At the start of the monsoon, males migrate downriver to meet females, which lay very large numbers of eggs (several millions each). The adults do not guard the eggs or the fry, which require brackish water to develop. The species is sequentially hermaphroditic, with most individuals maturing as males and becoming female after at least one spawning season; most of the larger specimens are therefore female. Fish held in captivity sometimes demonstrate features atypical of fish in the wild; they change sex at a smaller size, exhibit a higher proportion of protogyny and some males do not undergo sexual inversion.[13]

Recreational fishing

Prized by anglers and sport-fishing enthusiasts for their good fighting ability,[14] barramundi are reputed to be good at avoiding fixed nets and are best caught on lines and with fishing lures. In Australia, the barramundi is used to stock freshwater reservoirs for recreational fishing.

These "impoundment barramundi", as they are known by anglers, have grown in popularity as a "catch and release" fish. Popular stocked barramundi impoundments include Lake Tinaroo near Cairns in the Atherton Tablelands, Lake Proserpine west of Proserpine, Queensland, Teemburra Dam near Mackay, Lake Moondarra near Mount Isa, Lake Awoonga near Gladstone, and Lake Monduran south of Lake Awoonga.[15]
Commercial fishing and aquaculture

The fish is of commercial importance; it is fished internationally and raised in aquaculture in Australia,[14] Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Israel, Thailand, the United States, Poland, and the United Kingdom.[citation needed] A Singapore investment firm has invested in an upcoming barramundi fish farm in Brunei.[citation needed] A joint venture between a Sri Lankan company, Oceanpick (Pvt) Ltd, and a Scottish fish farm has been ocean farming barramundi sustainably in Sri Lanka since 2012, using the deep waters of Trincomalee Bay, on the island's northeast coast.[16][17] The Australian barramundi industry is relatively established, with an annual production of more than 4,000 tons. In the broader Southeast Asian region, production is estimated to exceed 30,000 tons. By contrast, the US industry produces about 800 tons a year from a single facility, Australis Aquaculture, LLC. In 2011, VeroBlue Farms in Iowa started and aims to produce 500 tons annually.[18]

Barramundi under culture commonly grow from a hatchery juvenile, between 50 and 100 mm in length, to a table size of 400-600 g within 12 months and to 3.0 kg within 18–24 months.[13]

Diseases

Though Asian sea bass are a hardy fish, they are vulnerable to bacterial infections like photobacteriosis.[19]

Aquarium use

These fish are not generally kept in home aquaria. They may be confused with an Australian reef fish commonly called the humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), also known as barramundi cod, panther grouper, or polkadot grouper, juveniles of which are frequently offered for sale in the ornamental fish trade. However, they rapidly outgrow most home aquariums.

As food

Barramundi have a mild flavour and a white, flaky flesh, with varying amount of body fat.

Barramundi are a favourite food of the region's apex predator, saltwater crocodiles, which have been known to take them from unwary fishermen.[20]
Australian cuisine
Barramundi and chips

In Australia, such is the demand for the fish that a substantial amount of barramundi consumed there is actually imported. This has placed economic pressure on Australian producers, both fishers and farmers, whose costs are greater due to remoteness of many of the farming and fishing sites, as well as stringent environmental and food safety standards placed on them by government. While country-of-origin labelling has given consumers greater certainty over the origins of their barramundi at the retail level, no requirement exists for the food service and restaurant trades to label the origins of their barramundi.
Bengali cuisine

Locally caught bhetki (barramundi) is a popular fish among Bengali people, mainly served in festivities such as marriages and other important social events. It is cooked as bhetki machher paturi, bhetki machher kalia, or coated in crumbled biscuit (similar to golden bread crumbs) and pan fried. It is very popular among people who are usually sceptical about eating fish with a lot of bones. Bhetki fillets have no bones in them. In Bengali cuisine, therefore, fried bhetki fillets are popular and considered to be of good quality. The dish is commonly called "fish fry".
Goan cuisine

Locally caught chonak (barramundi) is a favourite food, prepared with either recheado (a Goan red masala) or coated with rava (sooji, semolina)[21] and pan fried. The fish is generally filleted on the diagonal. It is eaten as a snack or as an accompaniment to drinks or the main course. It is one of the more expensive fish available.
Thai cuisine

Barramundi from local fish farms are known as pla kapong (Thai: ปลากะพง) in Thailand.[22] Since its introduction, it has become one of the most popular fish in Thai cuisine. It is often eaten steamed with lime and garlic, as well as deep-fried or stir-fried with lemongrass, among a variety of many other ways. Pla kapong can be seen in aquaria in many restaurants in Thailand, where sometimes this fish is wrongly labelled as "snapper" or "sea bass" on menus.[23] Traditionally, Lutjanidae snappers were known as pla kapong before the introduction of barramundi in Thai aquaculture, but presently, snapper is rarely served in restaurants in the main cities and in interior Thailand.
United States

In the US, barramundi is growing in popularity. Monterey Bay Aquarium has deemed US and Vietnam-raised barramundi as "Best Choice" under the Seafood Watch sustainability program.[24]
See also

Japanese lates, also known as Japanese barramundi
Nile perch, also known as African barramundi
Murray cod

References

Pal, M.; Morgan, D.L. (2019). "Lates calcarifer". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T166627A1139469. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T166627A1139469.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Lates calcarifer" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
Yokose, Hiroyuki. "Aboriginal Words in Australian English" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2006.
Frumkin, Paul (2003). "Barramundi approval rating rise". Food & Beverage Industry. Retrieved 2008-12-01.
"Australia's Arrow Fish, Saratoga (The True Barramundi)". Archived from the original on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
Banerjee, Debashis; Hamod, Mohammed A.; Suresh, Thangavel; Karunasagar, Indrani (1 December 2014). "Isolation and characterization of a nodavirus associated with mass mortality in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) from the west coast of India". VirusDisease. 25 (4): 425–429. doi:10.1007/s13337-014-0226-8. ISSN 2347-3517. PMC 4262316. PMID 25674617.
Pierce, Charles (26 November 2006). "The Next Big Fish – The Boston Globe". Boston Globe Magazine. Boston Globe. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
"Common Names Summary – Lates calcarifer". fishbase.se.
Moore, R. (1979). "Natural Sex Inversion in the Giant Perch (Lates calcarifer)". Marine and Freshwater Research. 30 (6): 803–813. doi:10.1071/MF9790803. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
Allen, Gerald R.; Midgley, Stephen H.; Allen, Mark (2002). Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia. Perth: Western Australian Museum. p. 394. ISBN 0-7307-5486-3. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
Allen, Gerald R.; Midgley, Stephen H.; Allen, Mark (2002). Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia. Perth: Western Australian Museum. p. 394. ISBN 0-7307-5486-3. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
G.R. Allen (1989). Freshwater fishes of Australia. Neptune City, NJ: T.H.F. Publications. p. 74. ISBN 0866229361. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
"FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PAPER No. 127" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
Gomon, Martin. "Barramundi, Lates calcarifer". Fishes of Australia. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
"Fish stocked dams and weirs search". Queensland Government. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
Holmyard, Nicki (September 2022). "Oceanpick Celebrates a Decade in Sri Lanka". The Fish Site. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
"Sustainable Fish Farming on Sri Lanka". PUM. 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
Oatman, Maddie (January 2017). "A Fish Out of Water". Mother Jones. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Trung Hieu Pham; Shreesha Rao; Ta-Chih Cheng; Pei-Chi Wang; Shih-Chu Chen (2021). "The moonlighting protein fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase as a potential vaccine candidate against Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer)". Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 124 (104187): 104187. doi:10.1016/j.dci.2021.104187. ISSN 0145-305X. PMID 34186149.
Garrick, Matt (25 March 2019). "Crocodile steals massive barramundi from NT fisherman at the last possible second". ABC News. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
Oulton, R (2007) [First published 2005]. "Sooji". Cooks Info. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
Fishing in Thailand Archived 2009-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
Ruen Urai, Thai cuisine Archived 2011-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
"Giant perch". www.seafoodwatch.org. Seafood Watch. Retrieved 15 February 2023.