Lagodon rhomboides

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Spariformes

Familia: Sparidae
Genus: Lagodon
Species: L. rhomboides

Lagodon is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. The only species in the genus is Lagodon rhomboides, the pinfish, red porgy, bream, pin perch, sand perch, butterfish or sailor's choice. This fish is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.
Taxonomy

Lagodon was first proposed as a genus in 1855 by the American zoologist John Edwards Holbrook with Sparus rhomboides as its only species.[3] Sparus rhomboides was first formally described in 1766 by Carl Linnaeus in the Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae giving the type locality as "America", although it is considered to be North Carolina.[4] In 1940 Henry Weed Fowler described a new species, Salema atkinsoni, the type having been caught off Cape May, New Jersey which he placed in a subgenus of Salema he named Sphenosargus. This taxon is now regarded as a junior synonym of L. rhomboides.[3][4] This taxon is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[5] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Boopsinae,[6] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[5]
Etymology

Lagodon combines lagus, meaning "hare" or "rabbit", with odon, which means "tooth", this is thought to be a reference to the 8 wide, deeply notched incisor-like teeth at the front of each jaw. The specific name rhomboides means "in the form of a rhombus", presumed to be a reference to the shape of the scales in the illustartion of two seabreams called Perca marina rhomboidalis fasciata drawn by Mark Catesby published in 1754.[7] Other names include pinfish,[8] choffer,[9] pin perch,[10] and butterfish. The name "Choffer" is a very limited regional moniker around Panama City that ends somewhere between Destin & Pensacola.[11]
Description

Lagodon has a moderately deep and compressed oval-shaped body with a small mouth and moderately large eyes. The dorsal profile of the head is steep and leads to a sharp snout.[12] The teeth in the front of the mouth are small and incisor-like and point outwards.[13] There are 12 dorsal fin spines; the first spine is small and points forward and gives this fish its common name of pinfish, and 10 dorsal fin rays. The anal fin has three spines and 11 soft rays.[14] This species has an olive back, shading to bluish-silver on the flanks marked with slender yellow and blue horizontal stripes and five or six dark, poorly defined, vertical bars also on the flank. The fins are pale yellow with wide, pale blue edges. There is an obvious black spot on the shoulder, to the rear of the operculum.[15] The pinfish has a maximum published total length of 40 cm (16 in), although 18 cm (7.1 in) is more typical, and a maximum published weight of 1.5 kg (3.3 lb).[2]
In a home aquarium
Distribution and habitat

Lagodon is found in Bermuda and along the United States coast from Massachusetts to Texas, and down along the Mexican Gulf Coast. It is also found along the northern Yucatán coast and near some northern Caribbean islands, but it is less common in the tropical portions of its range.[2] The adult pinfish prefers waters between 30 and 50 feet deep, while the juvenile is more common where there is some cover, such as seagrass beds, rocky bottoms, jetties, pilings, and mangroves. It prefers higher-salinity water. It rarely schools, but it associates with other individuals, especially where food items such as barnacles are abundant.[16]
Diet

Lagodon undergoes ontogenetic changes in the morphology of their dentition and gut tracts which affect diet throughout their life history. Juvenile pinfish are carnivorous and primarily eat shrimp, fish eggs, insect larvae, polychaete worms, and amphipods. As pinfish become older and larger they become increasingly more herbivorous, with plant matter comprising >90% of the diet for pinfish greater than 100mm.[16]
Predators

The pinfish is prey for alligator gar, longnose gar, ladyfish, spotted sea trout, red drum, southern flounder, pelicans, grouper, cobia, snook and bottlenose dolphins.[16]
Reproduction

Lagodon reaches sexual maturity at about one year, when the fish is 80 to 100 mm in length. Spawning season is in the fall and winter. Eggs are broadcast in the water by the female, then fertilized by the male. The number of eggs varies from 7,000 to 90,000. They hatch after about 48 hours. Larvae are not protected by adults. The larval stage ends when the fish is about 12 mm in length, and the juvenile reaches maturity when it is about 80 mm. Because this species is eaten by many other animals, its life span is generally short.[16]
Commercial and recreational significance

Lagodon is not generally sought as sport or food in the United States due to its small size and numerous small bones. It is often used as live bait by anglers targeting tarpon, red drum, spotted sea trout, and flounder. Because it is generally considered a nuisance bait-stealer, [16] anglers opt to catch Lagodon in traps [17] in order to improve the effeciency and gather more live bait quickly.

The famous naturalist, Edward O. Wilson, lost the vision in his right eye at the age of seven, when he caught a pinfish and it flew up and struck him in the face.[18]
References

Russell, B.; Carpenter, K.E.; MacDonald, T. & Vega-Cendejas, M. (2014). "Lagodon rhomboides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T170250A1301642. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170250A1301642.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2023). "Lagodon rhomboides" in FishBase. October 2023 version.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Sparidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lagodon". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
Parenti, P. (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae". FishTaxa. 4 (2): 47–98.
Christopher Scharpf (12 January 2024). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
"Pinfish". Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
"Fish Bites: Match live bait with target fish". Panama City News Herald. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
"Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)". tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
"Choffer -- real name?". ScubaBoard. 2006-10-11. Retrieved 2024-08-04.
"Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus 1766) Family Sparidae". Florida Museum. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
Brenda Bowling (2012). "Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides Family Sparidae - porgies". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
"Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1766) Family: Sparidae pinfish". Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
Stephanie Boyd (November 2017). "Pinfish". Texas Saltwater Fishing. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
"Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides)". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
"Pinfish Traps". Reel Texas Outdoors. Retrieved 2024-05-27.
Quammen, D. (2021). "On the Accidental Career of E.O. Wilson". Literary Hub. Retrieved 28 January 2024