Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Lophiiformes
Subordo: Ogcocephalioidei
Superfamilia: Ceratioidea
Familia: Gigantactinidae
Genus: Gigantactis
Species: G. balushkini – G. cheni – G. elsmani – G. filibulbosus – G. gargantua – G. gibbsi – G. golovani – G. gracilicauda – G. herwigi – G. ios – G. kreffti – G. longicauda – G. longicirra – G. macronema – G. meadi – G. microdontis – G. microphthalmus – G. paxtoni – G. perlatus – G. savagei – G. vanhoeffeni – G. watermani
Name
Gigantactis Brauer, 1902
Gender: feminine
Type species: Gigantactis vanhoeffeni Brauer, 1902, by monotypy.
Synonyms
Laevoceratias Parr, 1927
Teleotrema Regan & Trewavas, 1932
References
Brauer, A. (1902) Diagnosen von neuen Tiefseefischen, welche von der Valdivia-Expedition gesammelt sind. Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 25 (no. 668): 277–298.
Ho, H-C. & Shao, K-T. 2019. Two new deep-sea anglerfishes (Oneirodidae and Gigantactidae) from Taiwan, with synopsis of Taiwanese ceratioids. Pp 10–18 In Ho, H-C., Koeda, K. & Hilton, E.J., (eds.), Study on the fish taxonomy and diversity of Taiwan. Zootaxa, 4702(1): 1–229. Reference page. Zootaxa 4702(1): 10–18. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4702.1.5 Open access pdf Reference page.
Prokofiev, A.M. & Pietsch, T.W. 2019. First Record of the Ceratioid Anglerfish Species Gigantactis microdontis (Teleostei: Lophiiformes: Gigantactinidae) in the Western Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 4664(3): 441–444. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4664.3.11 Paywall Reference page.
Links
Gigantactis – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Gigantactis is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Gigantactinidae, the whipnose anglers. The fishes in this genus have a circumglobal distribution in the deep waters of the tropical and temperate zones of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Taxonomy
Gigantactis was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1902 by the German zoologist August Brauer when he described Gigantactis vanhoeffeni.[3] The type locality of G. vanhoeffeni was given as the Indian Ocean east of Zanzibar from Valdivia station 239 from the surface to a depth of 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[4] This genus was classified in the monotypic family Gigantactinidae in 1904 by the Belgian-born British ichthyologist George Albert Boulenger,[5] with a second genus, Rhynchactis, being added by the English ichthyologist Charles Tate Regan in 1925.[6] The fifth edition of Fishes of the World classifies the whipnose anglers within the suborder Certioidei within the order Lophiiformes, the anglerishes.[7]
Etymology
Giganactis is a combination of gigantos, meaning "giant", with actis, which means "ray", an allusion to the unusually long illicium of genus's type species, G. vanhoeffeni.[8]
Species
Giganactis contains 22 recognized extant species:[9]
Gigantactis balushkini Kharin, 1984
Gigantactis cheni H. C. Ho & K. T. Shao, 2019
Gigantactis elsmani Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981 (Elsman's Whipnose)
Gigantactis gargantua Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981 (Gigantic Whipnose)
Gigantactis gibbsi Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981
Gigantactis golovani Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981
Gigantactis gracilicauda Regan, 1925
Gigantactis herwigi Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981
Gigantactis ios Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981
Gigantactis kreffti Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981
Gigantactis longicauda Bertelsen & Pietsch, 2002
Gigantactis longicirra Waterman, 1939
Gigantactis macronema Regan, 1925
Gigantactis meadi Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg 1981
Gigantactis microdontis Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981
Gigantactis microphthalmus Regan & Trewavas, 1932
Gigantactis paresca Rickle, 2024[10]
Gigantactis paxtoni Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981 (Paxton's whipnose)
Gigantactis perlatus Beebe & Crane, 1947
Gigantactis savagei Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981
Gigantactis vanhoeffeni A. B. Brauer, 1902 (Cosmopolitan whipnose)
Gigantactis watermani Bertelsen, Pietsch & Lavenberg, 1981
Characteristics
Gigantactis whipnose anglers are distinguished from the other genus in the family, Rhynchactis, by the absence of pelvic bones and by the possession of between 5 and 9 rays, rarely 4 or 10, in the dorsal fin and the anal fin containing between 5 and 7, rarely 4 or 8, soft rays. In the metamorphosed females, the possession of frontal bones, parietal bones with teeth along their full lengths. The maxilla is reduced to a thread-like remnant, and the dentary has several rows of robust, recurved teeth. They have a single hypohyal and spiny skin. The illicium originates on the tip of the snout, the snout being in front of the mouth, with the esca at its tip bearing a bioluminescent organ. The metamorphosed males have larger eyes than those of Rhynchactis, typically having 12 olfactory lamellae, deep nostrils with a depth greater than 9% of the standard length. They normally have 3 upper denticular teeth and 4 lower denticular teeth, all separate from each other. The skin may be either pigmented or unpigmented and may be naked or covered in spinules.[6] The largest species in the genus is G. vanhoeffeni with a maximum published total length of 62 cm (24 in).[9]
Distribution and habitat
Gigantactis has a circumglobal distribution in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.[9] They are found at depths between the surface[11] and 5,300 m (17,400 ft).[12]
Feeding mechanism
Gigantactis have a very long illicium that is not as mobile as the illicia of other Ceratioid taxa and is vibrated rather than waved; the vibration and bioluminescence of the esca lure the prey. The mouth is used to trap prey in a cage made by the long recurved teeth, which is similar to the wolftrap anglers although, in this genus, the teeth grow from the lower jaw rather than the upper jaw. It is not known how the prey is detected, but the esca and illicium appear to be sensitive and may detect the prey or the pressure waves caused by the prey; the fish then lunges to the prey in its mouth. The prey is then processed by the pharyngeal teeth. Very few specimens have prey in their stomachs when caught, mainly cephalopods with one copepod found.[6]
Reproduction
Gigantactis males are relatively large.[6] They only temporarily attach to much larger females with their pincer-like denticles.[13]
References
Brauer, A. (1902). "Diagnosen von neuen Tiefseefischen, welche von der Valdivia-Expedition gesammelt sind". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 15 (668): 295–296 [295].
Froese, R., Pauly, D. (2018). Bailly N (ed.). "Gigantactis Brauer, 1902". FishBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Gigantactinidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Gigantactis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 1–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
E. Bertelsen; Theodore W. Pietsch; and Robert J. Lavenberg (1981). "Ceratioid anglerfishes of the family Gigantactinidae: morphology, systematics, and distribution". Contributions in Science (Los Angeles). 332: 1–74.
Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 508–518. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
Christopher Scharpf (3 June 2024). "Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families CAULOPHRYNIDAE, NEOCERATIIDAE, MELANOCETIDAE, HIMANTOLOPHIDAE, DICERATIIDAE, ONEIRODIDAE, THAUMATICHTHYIDAE, CENTROPHRYNIDAE, CERATIIDAE, GIGANTACTINIDAE and LINOPHRYNIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2024). Species of Gigantactis in FishBase. June 2024 version.
Rickle, Samantha Z. (2024-05-17). "A New Species of the Anglerfish Genus Gigantactis (Lophiiformes: Ceratioidei) from the Clarion Clipperton Zone of the Eastern North Pacific Ocean, an Ecosystem Threatened by Deep-Sea Mining". Ichthyology & Herpetology. 112 (2): 153–155. doi:10.1643/i2023056. ISSN 2766-1512.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2024). "Gigantactis elsmani" in FishBase. June 2024 version.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2024). "Gigantactis vanhoeffeni" in FishBase. June 2024 version.
Bray, D.J. (2022). "Gigantactis vanhoeffeni". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 12 August 2024.
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