Electrona

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Superordo: Scopelomorpha
Ordo: Myctophiformes

Familia: Myctophidae
Genus: Electrona

Electrona is a genus of lanternfishes in the family Myctophidae.
Species

There are currently five recognized species in this genus:[2][3]

Electrona antarctica (Günther, 1878) (Antarctic lanternfish)
Electrona carlsbergi (Tåning, 1932) (Electron subantarctic lanternfish)
Electrona paucirastra Bolin, 1962 (Belted lanternfish)
Electrona risso (Cocco, 1829) (Electric lanternfish)
Electrona subaspera (Günther, 1864) (Rough lanternfish)

Description

Electrona lanternfishes are small, discoid fishes.
Distribution and ecology

While Electrona risso can be found throughout the world, widespread in the Indian, Pacific, Atlantic Oceans, and Mediterranean, the other four species are limited to the southern hemisphere, mostly limited to the Southern Ocean. Their dispersion is dependent on the balance between current-mediated larval dispersal and adult active homing behavior.[4] Besides E. rissoi is E. paucirastra the only species that is found north of the Southern Ocean.E. antarctica mainly inhabits the Antarctic deep and therefore warmer waters.[5] E. carlsbergii inhabits the water south of the Antarctica convergence to the Antarctic coast, and between the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic convergences.[5] Larval forms of many deep-water species are found to inhabit inshore waters.[6] Migration patterns vary between different species, size groups, life history stages, sex, latitude, time and season.[6]
Diet

These fish exhibit a daily migration pattern. During the day they concentrate between 400 and 1000 m.[6] During the night, they migrate close to the surface between 5–100 m. These diel vertical migrations are primarily performed because zooplankton, their main food, is concentrated in the upper layers, while they need to go deep during the day in order to avoid predators.[6]
Reproduction

Electrona have a low fecundity. Females produce eggs the size of 0.7–0.9 mm.[6] Spawning of some species may occur any time during the year. In the Arabian Sea, fish spawn during all seasons but significantly increases during monsoon transition periods (March–June and September–November).[6] The larva exhibit diversity with their shape not similar to the adult and the larvae have a highly stalked eye and trailing intestine.
References

Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
"Animal Diversity Web". Electrona, 2012. Web 3 November 2013. <http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Electrona/classification/>
Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). Species of Electrona in FishBase. April 2012 version.
Van De Putte, A.P.; Van Houdt, J.K.J.; Maes, G.E.; Hellemans, B.; Collins, M.A.; Volckaert, F.A.M. (2012). "High genetic diversity and connectivity in a common mesopelagic fish of the Southern Ocean: The myctophid Electrona antarctica" (PDF). Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 59–60: 199–207. Bibcode:2012DSRII..59..199V. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.05.011.
Giovanni, T.M, Wing-Keong Ng, Douglas Redford Tocher. "Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds">"Alternative Marine Resources". Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds, 2011.
Nambiar, A.R. (2006). "Marine Ecosystem" (PDF). Marine Ecosystem-A Quarterly Newsletter. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-10. Retrieved 2013-11-26.