Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Spariformes
Familia: Sparidae
Genus: Diplodus
Species: Diplodus puntazzo
Vernacular names
español: Sargo picudo
hrvatski: Pic
italiano: Sarago pizzuto
русский: Зубарик
Türkçe: Sivruburun karagöz
Diplodus puntazzo, the sharpsnout seabream, sheephead bream or puntazzo, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies. This species is found in the , Eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. This omnivorous fish is an important species for aquaculture and fisheries, despite the flesh not being highly esteemed.
Taxonomy
Diplodus puntazzo was first formally described as Sparus puntazzo in 1792 by the German naturalist Johann Julius Walbaum with its type locality given as Sardinia. This name was first published by Francesco Cetti in 1777 but this was considered to be a vernacular name and the binomial has been attributed to Walbaum (ex Cetti), 1792, although the name has also been attributed to Gmeilin, 1789.[3] A molecular study recovered D. puntazzo as the sister taxon to saddled seabream (Oblada melanura).[4] The genus Diplodus is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.[5] Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae,[6] but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae.[5]
Etymology
Diplodus puntazzo has the specific name puntazzo which Cetti reported was the common name for this species in Sardinia.[7]
Description
Diplodus puntazzo has an oval shaped, compressed body with a slightly protrusible mouth which has moderately fleshy lips. There are 8 brown coloured incisor-like teeth in the front of both the upper and lower jaw with 3 or 4 rows of smaller molar-like teeth, although these tend to be lost in adults. The dorsal fin is supported by 11 spines and between 12 and 15 soft rays, while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 11 to 13 soft rays. The caudal fin is forked. The overall colour is silvery grey with 6 or 7 vertical bars along the upper body, these alternate between dark and light coloured bars. These bars may disappear when the fish dies.There is a dark bar on the caudal peduncle, this almost rings the peduncle, darkest in young fish.The outer margin of the caudal fin is black, the remaining finds are greyish, darkening towards their margins. There is a dark spot at the base of the pectoral fin.[8] The sharpsnout seabream has a maximum published total length of 60 cm (24 in), although 30 cm (12 in) is more typical, with a maximum published weight of 1.7 kg (3.7 lb).[2]
Distribution and habitat
Diplodus puntazzo is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean with its northern most limit in the southern Bay of Biscay off northern Spain, although it is very uncommon in this area, south to Sierra Leone. In Macaronesia it is found only in the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. It also occurs throughout the Mediterranean and southern Black Sea. Claims of the sharpsnout seabream in South Africa are misidentifications. In the Bay of Biscay this species is increasingly being recorded farther north.[1]
The sharpsnout seabream is a benthopelagic fish found in marine and brackish waters at depths down to 150 m (490 ft), although it is typically found in water of less than 60 m (200 ft) in depth. It is found over rock or sand substrates in coastal waters. Younger fish may live in brackish water, tidal pools and lagoons while the adults may occur in the surf zone.[2]
Biology
Diplosus puntazzo is omnivorous, in a study of the diet of fish caught in the Gulf of Gabes plants were found to be the largest proportion, almost 90%, of the diet with fishes and invertebrates being additional components.[9] Off Benghazi in Libya, the proportion of animals in the diet was higher than in the Gulf of Gabes study, with crustaceans and cephalopods dominating the diet, especially in smaller fish with larger fish ingesting more plant material, detritus and crustaceans.[10] Another study in the Adriatic Sea found plants slightly less dominant in the diet of sharpsnout seabream and more animal food eaten. This species has a longer digestive tract than more carnivorous sparids, likely as an aid to digesting less digestible food items such as plants, sponges and formaniferamd.[11] They have also been found to feed on the ectoparasitic copepod of the family Caligidae, suggesting that at least in young fish they behave as cleaner fish.[12] Their omnivory has been looked at as a positive feature for the use of D. puntazzo in aquaculture where, for example, they good be fed on citrus pulp silage.[13] The sharpsnot seabeam is mostly diurnal and most feeding is carried out during the day, although many fish will still move around at night.[14]
The sharpsnout seadrum is a rudimentary hermaphrodite, meaning that they have both male and female reproductive tissue, and but in some cases it can be protandrous, i.e. males change into females.[15] The spawning season runs from August or September until November or December, peaking in September or October.[16] The condition of the female gonads during spawning, with developing eggs and postovulatory tissye present at the same time suggest that this species is a batch spawner.[1]es This is a gregarious species which is encountered in schools.[2]
Utilisation
Diplodus puntazzo is fished for semi-industrially off Sicily, although elsewhere in its range it is caught mainly by artisinal fishers, as well as by recreational fishers. In Morocco the fishery is seasonal but in the Canary ISlands it is fished for throughout the year. It is caught by a variety of methods and is found as fresh or frozen fish in markets throughout the Mediterranean, except in France, despite the flesh not being highly esteemed. It is also used in the production of fish meal and oil. The aquaculture of this species is important in the Mediterranean, despite their being large gaps in knowledge about its biology.[1]
References
Russell, B.; Pollard, D.; Carpenter, K.E. (2014). "Diplodus puntazzo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T170262A1304486. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170262A1304486.en. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2023). "Diplodus puntazzo" in FishBase. October 2023 version.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Diplodus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
M. Summerer; R. Hanel; C. Sturmbauer (2001). "Mitochondrial phylogeny and biogeographic affinities of sea breams of the genus Diplodus (Sparidae)". Journal of Fish Biology. 59 (6): 1638–1652. Bibcode:2001JFBio..59.1638S. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00227.x.
Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
Parenti, P. (2019). "An annotated checklist of the fishes of the family Sparidae". FishTaxa. 4 (2): 47–98.
Christopher Scharpf (12 January 2024). "Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 6): Families GERREIDAE, LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
Kent E. Carpenter (2016). "Sparidae". In Carpenter, K.E. and De Angelis, N. (eds.). The living marine resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic Volume 2 Bony fishes part 2 (Perciformes to Tetradontiformes) and Sea turtles (PDF). FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. Rome: FAO. pp. 2567–2620. ISBN 978-92-5-109267-5.
Chaouch H; Hamida OBA-BH; Ghorbel M; Jarboui O (2013). "Diet composition and food habits of Diplodus puntazzo (Sparidae) from the Gulf of Gabès (Central Mediterranean)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 93 (8): 2257–2264. Bibcode:2013JMBUK..93.2257C. doi:10.1017/S0025315413000805. S2CID 84080697.
Hana M. Saleh and Mohammed El-Mor (2005). "Feeding Habits of the Sharp Snout Sea Bream Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti, 1777) (Teleosti:Sparidae) From Benghazi Coast, Eastern Libya". International Journal of Bioassays. 4 (5): 3860–3865.
Jakov Dulčič; Lovrenc Lipej; Branko Glamuzina & Vlasta Bartulovič (2006). "Diet of Spondyliosoma cantharus and Diplodus puntazzo (Sparidae) in the Eastern Central Adriatic" (PDF). Cybium. 30 (2): 115–122.
Stefano Mariani (2001). "Cleaning behaviour in Diplodus spp.: chance or choice? A hint for future investigations". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 81 (4): 715–716. Bibcode:2001JMBUK..81..715M. doi:10.1017/S0025315401004490. S2CID 87920089.
Nogales-Mérida, S.; Tomás-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerdá, M.; et al. (2019). "The use of citrus pulp silage in Diplodus puntazzo nutrition". International Journal of Recycling Organic Waste in Agricultute. 8 (2): 111–118. Bibcode:2019IJROW...8..111N. doi:10.1007/s40093-018-0235-5.
Vera LM; Madrid JA; Sánchez-Vázquez FJ (2006). "Locomotor, feeding and melatonin daily rhythms in sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo)". Physiology & Behavior. 88 (1–2): 167–72. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.03.031. PMID 16682061. S2CID 46010774.
Manousaki, Tereza; Tsakogiannis, Alexandros; Lagnel, Jacques; et al. (2014). "The sex-specific transcriptome of the hermaphrodite sparid sharpsnout seabream (Diplodus puntazzo )". BMC Genomics. 15: 655. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-655. PMC 4133083. PMID 25099474.
Mehmet Aydın; Çağrı Özdemir (2021). "Age, Growth, Reproduction and Fecundity of the Sharpsnout Seabream (Diplodus puntazzo Walbaum, 1792) in the Black Sea Region". Turkish Journal of Fish and Aquatic Sciences. 22 (5): TRJFAS19462. doi:10.4194/TRJFAS19462.
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Amel Belial; Naouel Amel Brahim Tazi; Zakia Hadjou; Zitouni Boutiba (2016). "First records of digenean trematodes of two fishes (Teleostei Sparidae) from the West Algerian coast and comparative study with Tunisian coast (Mediterranean Sea)". Biodiversity Journal. 7 (2): 240.
Jacques Sardou (March–April 1976). "Sur un exemplaire anormal de Diplodus (Pisces, Sparidae)". Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Série 3. Zoologie (in French) (376): 471.
Gregg B. Goodman, ed. (2003). Information resources on the care and use of molluscs (Report). U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, National Agricultural Library, Animal Welfare Information Center. pp. 78, 120.
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Espino, F.; Gonzalcz, J. A.; Boyra, A .; Fernandez, C.; Tuya, F.; Brito, A. (2014). "DIVERSITY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF FISHES IN THE ARINAGA-GANDO AREA, EAST COAST OF GRAN CANARIA (CANARY ISLANDS)". Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias. 26: 23.
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