Cyprinodontiformes

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Ovalentaria
Superordo: Atherinomorphae
Ordo: Cyprinodontiformes
Subordines: Aplocheiloidei – Cyprinodontoidei
Name

Cyprinodontiformes Berg, 1940
References

Berg, L.S. 1940. The classification of fishes, both Recent and fossil. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Akademiia Nauk SSSR 5: 87–517, figs 1-190.
Wainwright, P.C., Smith, W.L., Price, S.A., Tang, K.L., Ferry, L.A., Sparks, J.S. & Near, T.J. 2012. The evolution of pharyngognathy: a phylogenetic and functional appraisal of the pharyngeal jaw key innovation in labroid fishes and beyond. Systematic biology 61(6): 1001–1027. (PDF) DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/sys060 Reference page.

Links

Huber, J. 2006. Current Pyramidal List of Family-group Names with included Genera. Killi-data Online. Online.
Cyprinodontiformes in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2022. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 08/2021.

Vernacular names
čeština: Halančíkovci
English: cyprinodontiformes
עברית: גמבוזאים
日本語: カダヤシ目
polski: karpieńcokształtne
中文: 鱂形目

Cyprinodontiformes /ˌsɪprɪnoʊˈdɒntɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of ray-finned fish, comprising mostly small, freshwater fish.[1] Many popular aquarium fish, such as killifish and live-bearers, are included. They are closely related to the Atheriniformes and are occasionally included with them. A colloquial term for the order as a whole is toothcarps, though they are not actually close relatives of the true carps – the latter belong to the superorder Ostariophysi, while the toothcarps are Acanthopterygii.

The families of Cyprinodontiformes can be informally divided into three groups based on reproductive strategy: viviparous and ovoviviparous (all species give live birth), and oviparous (all species are egg-laying). The live-bearing groups differ in whether the young are carried to term within (ovoviviparous) or without (viviparous) an enclosing eggshell. Phylogenetically however, one of the two suborders – the Aplocheiloidei – contains oviparous species exclusively, as do two of the four superfamilies of the other suborder (the Cyprinodontoidea and Valencioidea of the Cyprinodontoidei). Vivipary and ovovivipary have evolved independently from oviparous ancestors, the latter possibly twice.
Description
Fundulopanchax scheeli, a killifish of the family Nothobranchiidae.

Some members of this order are notable for inhabiting extreme environments, such as saline or very warm waters, heavily polluted waters, rain water pools devoid of minerals and made acidic by decaying vegetation, or isolated situations where no other types of fish occur.

They are typically carnivores, and often live near the surface, where the oxygen-rich water compensates for environmental disadvantages. Scheel (1968) observed the gut contents were invariably ants, others have reported insects, worms and aquatic crustaceans. Aquarium specimens are invariably seen eating protozoans from the water column and the surfaces of leaves, however these are not apparent as stomach contents. Many members of the family Cyprinodontidae (the pupfishes) eat plant material as well and some have adapted to a diet very high in algae to the point where one, the American Flag Fish, is a renowned algae eater in the aquarium, in spite of belonging to an order of fishes that do not generally consume any plant material. In addition, killifish derive some of the carotenoids and other chemicals required to make their body pigments from pollen grains on the surface of and in the gut of insects they eat from the surface of the water; this can be simulated in culture by the use of special color enhancing foods that contain these compounds.

Although the Cyprinodontiformes are a diverse group, most species contained within are small to medium-sized fish, with small mouths, large eyes, a single dorsal fin, and a rounded caudal fin. The largest species is the cuatro ojos (Anableps dowei), which measures 34 cm (13 in)[2] in length, while the smallest, the least killifish (Heterandria formosa), is just 8 mm (0.31 in) long as an adult.[3]
Systematics
Guppy, a live-bearer of the Poeciliidae

CYPRINODONTIFORMES

Suborder Aplocheiloidei (all oviparous)
Family Aplocheilidae Asian killifishes
Family Nothobranchiidae African killifishes
Family Rivulidae New World killifishes
Suborder Cyprinodontoidei
Superfamily Funduloidea
Family Profundulidae – Central American killifishes (oviparous)
Family Goodeidae – splitfins (largely viviparous)
Family Fundulidae – topminnows and North American killifishes (oviparous)
Superfamily Valencioidea (oviparous)
Family Valenciidae – Mediterranean killifishes
Superfamily Cyprinodontoidea (oviparous)
Family Cyprinodontidae – pupfishes
Superfamily Poecilioidea
Family Anablepidae – four-eyed fishes and relatives (largely ovoviviparous)
Family Poeciliidae – livebearers and relatives (some oviparous, some ovoviviparous)

The family Aplocheilidae has been expanded by some authorities to include all the killifishes with three subfamilies, Aplocheilinae, Cynolebiinae and Nothobranchiinae,[4] but this is not the classification adopted in the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World.[5]
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyprinodontiformes.

Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2007). "Cyprinodontiformes" in FishBase. August 2007 version.
"Anableps dowi - Pacific Foureyed Fish -- Discover Life". Archived from the original on 2011-06-12.
Parenti, Lynne R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 148–151. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
Costa, W.J.E.M. (2016). "Comparative morphology and classification of South American cynopoeciline killifishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Aplocheilidae), with notes on family-group names used for aplocheiloids" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 66 (2): 125–140.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 371. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.